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AN 



OUTLINE HISTORY 



OF THE 



United States 



FOR PUBLIC AND OTHER SCHOOLS 



FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. 



BENSON J. LOSSING, LL.D., 

AUTHOR OF THE FIELD BOOKS OF " THE REVOLUTION," u THE WAR OF l8l2, 

AND THE " CIVIL WAR;" THE " HOME OF WASHINGTON," 

U LIFE AND TIMES OF PHILIP SCHUYLER," ETC. 



COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED BY MAPS AND OTHER ENGRAYINGS. 



NEW YORK: 

SHELDON & COMPANY 

No. 6 77 BROADWAY. 

187 5. 



LOSSING'S SCHOOL HISTORIES 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 



I. LOSSING'S PEIMAEY UNITED STATES HISTOEY. For 
the Youngest Children. Elegantly Illustrated. Price $1.00. 

H. LOSSING'S OUTLINE UNITED STATES HISTOEY. A 
Complete History of our Country in a Condensed but Attrac- 
tive form. For Public and Private Schools. It is the most 
elegantly illustrated School History ever published. 

Price $1.25. 

III. LOSSING'S COMMON SCHOOL HISTOEY. A Full, Com- 

plete, and Attractive History of our Country. For Private 
Schools and more advanced Scholars. Elegantly Illustrated. 
Over 400 pages. Price $ 1 . 75. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 

SH ELDON & CO., 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



Electrotyped by Smith & McDougal, 82 Beekman St., N. Y. 









INTRODUCTION. 

This book has been prepared to meet the demands of 
Teachers and Pupils, and the conditions of our Common 
School Teaching. They require a book clear and concise 
in all its statements of facts concerning the more prominent 
events in the History of the United States, with helps for 
the memory. They require a book that shall be full, and 
accurate, and attractive, and at the same time to occupy, 
in its study and the recitations, as little time as possible in 
the routine of the school-work. To answer these require- 
ments the Author has bestowed the most careful thought and 
labor on this work, and has given to it prominent features, 
which may be defined as follows : 

1. As few words as possible have been used in 
giving it a pleasing narrative form. Ideas are not 
smothered in words ; nor is the living interest in the story 
dulled by the dryness of a mere chronological form. 

2. The narrative is divided into six distinct periods, 
in the natural time and order which events suggest, namely : 
Discoveries, Settlements, Colonies, The Revolution, The 
Motion, and The Civil War and its Consequences. This 
is the general arrangement of the whole series of the author's 
Histories of the United States for Schools and Families. 

3. The work is arranged in short sentences, so 
that the substance of each may be easily comprehended by 
an ordinary effort of memory. 

4. The most important events are indicated in the 
text by heavy-faced letter, so as to impress the vision, 
and thereby give to the memory powerful aid in the retention 



VI INTR OD UCTION. 

of facts. For the same reason all proper names are 
printed in italic letter. 

5. Full questions are framed for every verse. 

6. A pronouncing vocabulary is furnished in foot- 
notes wherever required, giving to the teacher and pupil an 
ever-present index to the method of pronouncing the proper 
names used in the book. 

7. A brief synopsis of topics is given at the close of 
each section. 

8. An outline history of important events is given 
at the close of every chapter, affording a review of the pre- 
vious studies, and texts for the exercise of the pupil in his- 
torical tabulation or more elaborate composition, as illus- 
trated on pages 32 and 33 of the text. At the close of the 
volume are Topical Review Questions. 

9. The work is profusely illustrated by Maps, 
Charts, and Plans explanatory of the text, and by carefully- 
drawn pictures of objects and events. These are very 
numerous and useful, and give powerful help to the 
memory in the comprehension of the narrative, for the eye 
seldom forgets. The Colonial Seals have been copied 
from impressions taken from the originals, and are accurate 
representations of those originals. 

The National Constitution, which, with its several 
amendments, forms the supreme law of the land, is intro- 
duced as a part of the lessons of prime importance. It 
being the guarantee for all the privileges of American citi- 
zenship, a knowledge of it should be deeply impressed upon 
the minds of the young. 

With these remarks concerning the general character of 
this book it is submitted to the public. 



I) titling ftiaiorg of the JmM Males. 



CHAPTER I. 

<DISCOVE(RE(RS .JJ7(D DISCOVERIES. 



SECTION I.- 
NORTHMEN, COLUMBUS, AND INDIANS. 

1. Our Country, called the United States of 
America, extends in a broad, irregular belt across the 
continent of North America, from the Atlantic Ocean 
to the Pacific Ocean. 

2/. This great belt of country is divided into States and 
Territories, and contains about forty million inhabitants. 
Their government is called a Representative one. The 
people choose a few of their number to make laws for the 
whole. When these representatives meet for that business, 
they form the Congress. The people also choose one man 
to enforce the laws of Congress, who is called the President 
of the United States. 

3. The President and Congress choose a certain number 
of lawyers to explain the laws, and these form the Supreme 
Court of the United States. The Government therefore 
consists of three separate departments, but working together. 

4. One is the Executive Department, composed of 

Questions.— 1. Define the extent of the United States. 2. What can you tell 
about the divisions and Government of our country? 3. How is the Supreme Court 
formed ? Of what does the Government consist ? 



DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 



Departments of Government. 



The Northmen. 



the President and his advisers, called the Cabinet. An- 
other is the Legislative Department, and is composed of 
a Senate chosen by the State legislatures, and a House of 
Representatives chosen by the people of the several States. 
A third is the Judiciary Department, composed of the 
judges or members of the Supreme Court. 

5. This form of government seems to be the best ever 
known on the earth. Here, where it exists, the whole coun- 
try, less than three hundred years ago, was inhabited by 
copper-colored barbarians and wild beasts, and nearly all cov- 
ered with forests. You may ask, How has it come to pass that 
such a people as we are, and such an excellent form of gov- 
ernment, have appeared in this land, so lately a wilderness ? 
The wonderful story before us will answer the question. 
6. About nine hun- 
dred years ago, sea- 
men from Iceland, 
far toward the north 
pole, came to this coun- 
try in small vessels and 
tried to make a settle- 
ment in New Eng- 
•^ ._ land. How long they 
stayed we cannot tell. 
The story of their discoveries, if it 
ever went abroad, had long been for- 
gotten. An old tower at Newport, 
Rhode Island, is supposed to have 
been built by these Northmen. 




NORTHMAN. 




TOWER AT NEWPORT. 



Questions.^. Of what or whom are the Departments composed ? 5. What can 
you say of our form of Government and its place of existence ? 6. What can you tell 
about early discoveries and discoverers ? 



DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 



Trade of European merchants. 




TRACK OP THE NORTHMEN PROM ICELAND AND GREENLAND. 

7. About four hundred years ago, the merchants of 
Europe carried on a profitable trade with India or East- 
em Asia. The people of Italy had lately obtained the 
mastery of the Mediterranean Sea, over which mer- 
chants had gone to Asia from Western Europe. The 



Questions.— 7. What can you tell about Italian and Western merchants, and their 
trade with India ? 



10 



DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 



Columbus and his theories. 



Isabella. 




COLUMBUS. 



Italians would no longer allow their rivals of Western 
Europe to go over that sea, and the Western merchants 
sought for another way. It was found by a Portuguese 
sailor. It was around the Cape of Good Hope, and so 
across the broad Indian Ocean. 

8. At that time learned men 
believed the earth to be round, 
like an orange, and not flat, like a 
pancake. Among these was Chris- 
topher Columbus, of Genoa, in 
Italy, who had been a seaman 
ever since his boyhood. He made 
a voyage to Iceland, where he 
probably heard of the discovery 
of a western continent hundreds 
of years before. 

9. Believing that Eastern Asia might be reached sooner 
by sailing westward than by any other way, Columbus was 
anxious to go in search of India in 
that direction. He was poor. His 
countrymen refused to help him. Af- 
ter much wandering and many trials, 
he found Queen Isabella of Spain 
willing to fit out vessels for him to 
sail over the Atlantic Ocean on a 
voyage of discovery. 

10. Isabella was a Christian 
and a patriot. She wished to send Isabella. 

the gospel to the heathen, and to gain fame and riches for 

Questions.-- 8. What did the learned believe ? Name one of them ? What had he 
done ? 9. What was the belief of Columbus ? What did he do and find ? 10. What 
was Queen Isabella, what her desires, and what did she do ? 




DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 



11 



Sailinff of Columbus. 



Discovery of Land. 



Spain. Columbus promised to carry Christianity to the 
pagans and win honor and wealth for Spain. The pious and 
patriotic Queen said, " I will furnish you with vessels if I 
have to sell the jewels in my crown to pay for them." 

11. Three vessels 
were prepared, and on 
the 3d of August, 1492, 
they sailed from Pa- 




los, 1 in Andalusia, 
under the command of 
Columbus. They 
touched at the Cana- 
ry Islands. After a the fleet of columbus. 
stormy and perilous passage across the At- 
lantic Ocean, the navigators were greeted 
with the perfumes of flowers at the even- 
ing twilight. At dawn the next morning, 
the 12th of October, they saw land. 

12. The ships had arrived at the Ba- 
hama Group of islands, many leagues 
eastward of Florida. Naked inhabitants, 
of a copper color, were seen on the beach, 
and fled to the woods on the approach of 
the Europeans. Columbus, supposing he 
was on the shores of Farther India, 
called the people Indians. 

13. Dressed in scarlet, and carrying the banner of the 
expedition, Columbus landed. He was followed by a priest 
with a cross and the men of the ships. All knelt upon the 

Questions.— 11. What can you tell about the first voyage of Columbus ? 12. What 
did he discover ? 13. Describe the scene when Columbus landed. 




COLUMBUS ON SAN 
SALVADOR. 



pah'los. 



DISCO VEEEES AND DISCO VEEIES. 



13 



Landing of Columbus. 




COLUMBUS DISCOVERING LAND. 



sandy shore and thanked God for his goodness. Then 
Columbus took possession of the land in the name of the 
sovereigns of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella. 

14. The land was an island, to which Columbus gave 
the name of San Salvador, or Holy Saviour. It is now 
called Cat Island. He visited other islands of the 

Questions— 14. What was the land that Columbus first discovered, and what else 
did he do ? 



DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 15 

Discoveries by Columbus. 2'he Indians and their Dwellings. 



Bahama group. Going southward, he discovered Cuba 
and Hayti or San Domingo, and then sailed for Spain. 
Believing these islands to be a part of India, and as they 
lay westward of Europe, he gave them the name t>f West 
Indies. 

15. Columbus did not then see the Continent of Amer- 
ica, which was thinly inhabited by a copper-colored race, 
who were savages and barbarians, such as he saw on San 
Salvador. Their general appearance was the same every- 
where. Their habits varied with circumstances. 

16. The Indians, in the 
colder parts of America, were 
dressed in the skins of beasts, 
and in the warmer parts they 
were almost naked. They got 
their food by hunting and fish- 
southern Indians. ing. They also raised grain, 

which we call Indian corn, and a few vegetables. 

17. The Indians were divided into large and small fami- 
lies. The larger families were known as Nations, and spoke 
different languages. The smaller were known as Tribes, 
and the languages of these also some- 
times differed. They lived in huts made 
of poles and covered with barks and 
skins, which they called wigwams. . 

18. The Indians had no written 
language excepting rude picture-writ- 
ings, and these were confined to records of war, of alliances, 

Questions.— 15. What can you tell about the continent of America and its inhabi- 
tants? 16. What can you tell about the dress and food of the Indians ? 17. Hew 
were the Indians divided, and how did they live ? 18. What can you tell about their 
writing and the transmission of their history ? 





A WIGWAM. 



16 



DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 



The Writing, Money, and War-Making of the Indians. 




r- k^^^^^^m^ 3 ^ 19 



and brave deeds. Their 
history was transmitted by 
memory. 



Their 
indian picture-writing. 1 money was 

made of parts of shells in the form of short 
tubes, arranged in strings or belts, and was 
called wampum. These were used in traffic, 
and between nations and tribes, as tokens of 
alliance or affection. Wampum belts were 
held by sachems, or chief men, as records of public acts, 




WAMPUM. 





INDIAN CHIEF IN MILITARY DRESS. 



INDIAN WEAPONS. 

20. War was the 

principal business of 
the men. The women 
performed all other 
labor. They fought 
with bows and arrows, 
clubs, hatchets of stone 
and iron called toma- 
hawks, and knives. 
They made peace by 
the action of the chief 



Questions.— 19. What can you tell about their money and its uses? 20. What 
have you to say about the men and their way of making war or peace ? 
1 This is part of a record of a war expedition. The figures on the right and left— 



DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 



17 




CALUMETS. 



The Religion, "Burials, and Government of the Indians. 

men of both parties, who would sit around a 
large fire after the terms were agreed upon, and 
smoke the calumet, or pipe of peace. 

21. The religion of the Indians was sim- 
ple. They believed in a great Good Spirit and 
a great Evil Spirit ; and anything which they 
could not understand or control, such as the 
sun, moon and stars, lightning, wind, fire and 
water, they thought to be a kind of god. 

22. They believed that at death, each one went to a 
beautiful land, where there was plenty of game. When a 
man was buried they placed by the side of his dead body, 

bows and arrows for use in the spirit 
land. Sometimes the body was laid 
in a shallow grave ; sometimes placed 
in the ground in a sitting posture and 
covered, and sometimes laid upon a 
scaffold out of the reach of wild beasts. 
23. The government of the Indians 
was simple. The head ruler, or President, was called Sa- 
chem, and the head warrior, Chief. The Sachem was at the 
head of civil affairs. The warriors followed the Chief 
wherever he might lead. Both were chosen by the people. 
24. Marriage among the Indians was a contract that 




SCAFFOLD BURIAL-PLACE. 



Questions.— 21. What can you tell about the religion of the Indians? 22. What 
can you tell about the death and burial of Indians ? 23. Tell about the government 
of the Indians. 



one with a gun, and the other with the hatchet— denote prisoners taken by a warrior. 
The one without a head, and holding a bow and arrow, denotes that one was killed ; 
and the figure with a shaded part below the cross indicates a feminine prisoner. Then 
he goes in a war canoe, with nine companions, denoted by the paddles, after which 
a council is held by the chiefs of the Bear and Turtle tribes, indicated by rude 
figures of these animals on each side of a fire. 



18 



DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 



. If a r ridge Cere man i es. 



Character and .Fate of the Indians. 



s&dii&ii 




INDIANS IN BUFFALO-SKIN BOAT. 



might be broken by the husband, who had a right to take 
and dismiss a wife at pleasure. Women were the slaves of men. 
They -were never permitted to engage in any games, but were 
allowed to be present, with their children, at the war-dances. 
25. The Indians were nearly all wanderers, and left the 
vast continent in an uncultivated state. In this condition 
the Europeans found our country. They brought with 
them the arts of civilization. Where the Indians hunted 
and fished, are now seen farms, villages, and cities. The 
race of red or copper-colored men, who have played an 
important part in the history of the United States, is 
rapidly passing away, and the white or pale-faced men are 
taking the*ir places. 

Questions.— 24. What can you tell about the marriages of the Indians, and the 
condition of the women ? 25. What have you to say about the Indians when Euro- 
peans first came ? What is their fate ? 



DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 



19 



Indian JWitions. 



Jfeefinr/ of While Men and Indians. 




1EETING OF -WHITE MEN AND INDIANS. 



26. When Europeans came to America, they found 
here eight distinct nations of Indians, named respectively : 

1 This represents the meeting of General Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, with 
the Indians, at Savannah. To-mo-chi-chi, the famous Chief Sachem of the Creek 
Indians, presented to Oglethorpe the skin of a huffalo, on which was spread out an 
eagle. He desired Oglethorpe to accept it, because the eagle was an emblem of 
speed and the buffalo of strength, and the English, he said, were as swift as the bird and 
strong as the beast. They flew in their ships to the uttermost parts of the earth, and 
were too sharp for all other people. The feathers of the eagle, being soft, repre- 
sented love ; the buffalo skin was warm, and represented protection. " Therefore," 
he said, " I hope the English will love and protect our families." 



20 DISCOVERERS AXD DISCOVERIES. 



Names of the Indian Nations. Voyages of Columbus. 

Huron-Iroquois, 1 Algonquins, 2 Mobilians, 3 Cher- 
okees, 4 Catawbas, 5 Uchees, 6 Natchez, 7 and Daco- 
tahs. 8 There was one of those nations, the Tuscaroras, 
who belonged to the Huron- Algonquin people, then located 
in North Carolina. For the position of these nations in 
our country, see the frontispiece map. 
27. In this section we have considered — 
(1) The extent of our country and its form of govern- 
ment ; (2) its discovery by the Northmen and by Colum- 
bus ; and (3) the character, habits and destiny of the 
native inhabitants. 



SECTION II. 

SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 

1. On his return to Spain, Columbus was received with 
great applause by the sovereigns and the people. The report 
of his discoveries, printed soon afterward, caused other 
exploring expeditions to be fitted out in Spain. Columbus 
himself made three other voyages across the Atlantic and 
back, in search of other lands. 

2. The second voyage of Columbus was made in the 
autumn of 1493. The third voyage was undertaken in May, 
1498, and on the first day of August he discovered the con- 
tinent of South America, near the mouth of the Orinoco 
River, a few days after Sebastian Cabot had discovered 
North America. The fourth voyage was begun in May, 1502. 

Questions.— 26. Give me the names of the eight Indian nations. 27. What have 
you learned in this section ? Give a general account of these facts. 

Questions.— 1. What can you tell ahout the return of Columhus and his other 
voyages ? 2. What other discoveries did he make ? 

1 e-re-kwd. 2 ahl-gon-kin. 3 mo-beel'-yun. * cher-o-kees' . 6 ka-taw'-bahs. 
u'-chees. 7 nat'-chez. h dah-kb-tahs. 



SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 



21 



Death of Isabella and Columbus. 



Amerieus ) 'espucctut. 



3. The fourth voyage of Columbus was made for the 
purpose of discovering a strait through which ships might 
pass from the Gulf of Mexico into the Indian Ocean. 
It was not found, and the now aged navigator returned to 
Spain. Queen Isabella died a few days after his arrival. 
Neglected and poor, the great discoverer died the next year, 
with the belief that he had seen the continent of Asia on its 
Eastern side. He did not suspect that he had discovered an 
unknown continent. 

4. Americus Vespuccius} a 
Florentine, was in Spain when 
Columbus made his second and 
third voyages. He went with a 
former companion of Columbus 
to South America in 1499 ; and a 
year after the great navigator had 
discovered that continent, Vespu- 
cius saw it for the first time. 

5. In a fraudulently dated let- 
ter, written in 1504, Americus 

claimed the honor of the first discovery. A German friend 
of his, in a printed work, suggested the name of America 
for the new-found continent, in compliment to the Floren- 
tine. Thus it was that our country received its title, and 
Columbus was cheated out of the deserved honor of having 
it bear his name. 

6. Immediately after Columbus discovered the West 
India Islands, Spanish settlements were made on some 




AMERICUS VESPUCCIUS. 



Questions.— 8. Give an account of Columbus after his last voyage. 4. What can 
you tell about Americus Vespuccius ? 5. How came America to be named in his 
honor ? 

1 ves-pu' 'she-us. 



1 \ FOUND 'J^ND I 




DISCOVERIES FROM 1492 TO 1609. 



SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 23 



Discovery of Florida and t/ie 'Pacific Ocean. Conquest of Mexico. 

of them, and expeditions were soon sent out from them in 
search of other lands. Yucatan 1 was discovered ; and in 
1510 a settlement was made on the isthmus of Darien. 2 

7. John Ponce cle Leon, 3 an old Spanish soldier in Porto 
Rico, having heard of a marvellous fountain in an island at 
the northward, whose waters would restore youth and make 
it perpetual, sailed in quest of it in 1512. He did not find 
the fountain, but he discovered a land fragrant with spring 
flowers, which he called Florida. It is yet so called. 

8. The next year (1513) Vasco Nunez cle 
Balboa' 1 ascended the highlands of the isth- 
mus of Darien, and discovered a great 
ocean, which he took possession of in the 
name of Spain, and called it the South Sea. 
Six years later (1519) Magellan, 5 a Portu- 
gese, sailed through the straits that bear 
his name, and over that sea, which he called 
the Pacific Ocean, because it was so free 
from storms. 

9. Meanwhile Spanish adventurers had 
explored portions of Yucatan and Mexico, 

and thought they discovered evidences of much gold in the 
interior. Hernando Cortez, with a fleet and soldiers, went 
to conquer Mexico in 1519. He was successful. In 1521 
Mexico became a Spanish province, and remained so just 
three hundred years. 

Questions.— 6. What followed the discoveries of Columbus ? 7. What can you 
tell about the discovery of Florida? 8. Tell about the discovery of the Pacific 
Ocean, and its name. 9. What had other Spanish adventurers done ? Tell about the 
conquest of Mexico. 

1 yu~ka-tan'. • day -re-en'. 3 pone'-tha-da-la-on. * msco-noon-yez da bohl-W-a. 
s ma-gel'-lan. 




SPANlSB DISCOVERIES AND DISCOVERIES. 25 

Adventures of Cortez. 2)>Ayllon and A'arraez. 



10. The conquest of Mexico led to explorations north- 
ward of it, along the Pacific coast. Cortez, it is believed, 
discovered the Gulf of California ; and in the course of a 
few years Spanish adventurers penetrated to New Mexico, 
up the Colorado x to the Gila, 2 and along the Pacific coast 
to Oregon? 

11. In 1520 a planter of San Domingo, named 
D'Ayllon,* went to the coast of South Carolina to kidnap 
natives for slaves. He treacherously carried away many of 
them. Whilst he was there a second time, and was preparing 
to make a settlement, the Indians, exasperated by his con- 
duct, acted as treacherously as he, and murdered D'Ayllon 
and a large number of his followers. 

12. Eight years later (1528) an adventurer named 
Narvaez 5 went from Cuba with ships and troops to conquer 
Florida. His cruel treatment of the Indians made them 
unite in efforts to expel him. He was obliged to leave the 
country in an open boat, and while on the waters of the 
Gulf of Mexico, he and most of his companions perished. 

13. The bad conduct of Narvaez made 
the expedition of Be Soto 6 to conquer 
Florida, a perilous and unsuccessful under- 
taking. De Soto was a rich Spanish 
cavalier and bold soldier, who had assisted 
Pizawo in conquering Peru, and shared 
with him in the plunder of the Incas. 
de so™. 14> De Soto had a splendid retinue of 

Questions.-IO. What did the conquest of Mexico lead to ? 11. What can yon 
tell about a kidnapper from San Domingo ? 12. Give an account of Narvaez m 
Florida and his fate. 13. What can you tell about De Soto ? 

1 kol-a-rah'-do. 2 he'-lah. 3 or-e-gon'. * da-ile-yone'. s nar'-rah-eth. 8 daso'-to. 





: , . ,'. . . 



SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 27 

Adventures of De Solo. "Discovery of the Mississippi and California. 

several hundred Spaniards, many of them mounted on 
horses. After wandering in the region bordering on the 
Gulf of Mexico, and far into the interior, for about two 
years, from 1539, fighting the Indians and searching for 
gold, he discovered the Mississippi River. 

15. Crossing that great stream, De Soto, with the num- 
ber of his followers greatly diminished, penetrated the coun- 
try westward far toward the Rocky Mountains. Return- 
ing to the Mississippi in 1542, De Soto died there. His 
body was buried beneath the muddy waters of that stream. 
The remnant of his followers made their way, in a small 
vessel, to Mexico, taking with them some beautiful young 
Mobilian 1 women, their captives. 

16. The same year in which Be Soto died (1542) Cabrillo 2 
first explored the coast of the present State of California, 
up to the borders of Oregon. It is believed that he discov- 
ered the Bay of San Francisco. Forty years afterward 
(1582) Fspejo 3 explored New Mexico and founded 
Santa Fe. 4 

17. In this section we have considered — 

(1) the return of Columbus to Spain and his three other 
voyages; (2) his impressions concerning his discovery; 

(3) the voyage of Americus Vespuccius and his claims ; 

(4) discovery of Yucatan, Florida and the Pacific 
Ocean; (5) the conquest of Mexico and explorations 
northward; (6) events on the coast of South Carolina ; 

Questions.— 14. Give an account of De Soto in Florida, and his discovery of the 
Mississippi. 15. Give an account of his wanderings and death, and the fate of his 
followers. 16. What have you to say about explorations of California and New 
Mexico ? 17. What have you learned in this section ? Give a general account of the 
facts. 

1 mo-beel-yvn. - Mb-recl-yov. s e^-pmi'-hn. 4 sontafay. 



28 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 

CaboPs Discovery of Worth Carolina. 

(7) the attempts of Narvaez and Be Soto to conquer 
Florida ; and (8) the discovery of the Mississippi River. 



SECTION III. 

ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 

1. Sebastian Cabot, 1 son of a Venetian merchant in 
England, sailing from Bristol in search of a northwest 
passage to India beyond Greenland, discovered the conti- 
nent of North America, on the coast of Labrador, late 
in June or early in July, 1498. That was a little while before 
Columbus discovered the continent of South America. 

2. Cabot did not land on Lab- 
rador. He sailed far up the coast, 
and then turning southward, he 
discovered JVewfoundland and the 
coasts of Nova Scotia and Maine. 
He . probably went as far South as 
North Carolina. Then he returned 
to England and told of his great 
Sebastian cabot. discoverv. 
3. Cabot was only about twenty-one years of age when 
he discovered America. That made him famous, and he 
made other voyages of discovery from England and Spain. 
He had told of the great number of codfishes seen off the 
coast of JVewfoundland. English and Fi^ench fishermen 
soon went there to catch them, and this led to discoveries and 
settlements on the adjacent shores. 

Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the discovery of America by Sebastian 
Cabot ? 2. What portion did he discover ? 3. What were the effects of his discoveries ? 

1 kak'-bot. 




ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 



29 



Discoveries of T'erazzatu'. 



4. A Florentine named Verazzani, 1 
employed by the King of France, crossed 
the Atlantic in 1524, and touched the 
American Continent near Cape Fear, 
in North Carolina. He sailed northward 
as far as Nova Scotia, entering bays and 
rivers on his way, took possession of the 
country in the name of the French King, 
and called the country New France. 




VERAZZANI. 




BANKS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. 



Questions.— 4. What can you tell about the discoveries of Verazzani ! 
1 ver-at-sah'-ne. 



30 • ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 

Discovery of the .S/. Lawrence. Fauna 'in;/ of. Quebec. 

5. Ten years after Verazzani's voyage, Jaques Cartier J- 
of St. Malo, in France, sailed for America. He first 
landed on Newfoundland, and there discovered and named 
the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, the discovery having 
been made on the festival of that saint. He, also, took pos- 
session of that region in the name of the French monarch. 
He was thus the discoverer of Canada. 

6. In the following spring (1535) 
CaHier made another voyage to the 
St. Lawrence. From the site of Que- 
bec 2 he went up the river in a boat to 
Hochelaga, an Indian town. Charmed 
with the view from a great hill near, 
he called it Mont Real (Royal Moun- 
tain), and the French city built on the 
site of Hochelaga 3 was called Mon- 
treal. 

7. Cartier made a third voyage to the St. Lawrence in 
1541, with some men, to settle there. He had carried off 
the Indian " King of Canada " on his last visit, and the 
natives were unfriendly. The Frenchmen built a fort near 
Quebec, spent a hard winter there, and in the spring of 1542, 
at about the time De Soto was dying on the Mississippi , 
they abandoned the country. 

8. France was now disturbed by bitter quarrels between 
the Roman Catholics and the Protestants. As the Roman 
Catholics were the most numerous, they deprived the Prot- 

Questions.— 5. What can you tell of the discoveries of Cartier? 6. What did Car- 
tier do on the St. Lawrence ? 7. What did he do on the St. Lawrence on a third 
voyage ? 8. What can you tell about two parties in France ? 

1 kar'-te-ay. 2 ke-bek'. 3 hosh-e-lah'-ga. 




ENGLISH AND FRENCH DLSCOVEEEUS. 



31 



Huguenots in 6'oul/t Carolina and Florida. 



estants of many privileges in Church and State, and made 
them discontented. 

9. Admiral Coligny} an eminent soldier of France, was 
a Protestant. He wished to have his friends settled where 
they might not be molested. In the spring of 1562 he sent 
a colony of them to America to found a settlement to which 
others might go. They were led by a worthy man named 
Ribault? 

10. The Huguenots, 3 us the French Fvot- 
estants were called, landed on an island near 
the shores of South Carolina, where they 
built a fort. Ribault returned to Europe 
for supplies. Many of the settlers died, and 
the remnant, fearing starvation, started for 
home in a weak vessel. 

11. These colonists suffered from starva- 
tion at sea, and the few who were left were 
about to perish, when they were picked up ™ c ™< IN 15 "° 
on the ocean and taken to England. Their story of the 
beautiful land they had abandoned caused Englishmen to 
make attempts to settle in that region. 

12. In 1564 Coligny sent over another colony, in three 
ships, under Laudonuiere} They settled on the St. Johns 
River, in Florida, and built a fort there. Spain claimed 
ownership of all that region by right of discovery, and sent 
Melendez, 5 or Menendez, a brave naval officer, to drive 




Questions.— 9. Who was Admiral Coligny, and what did he do? 10. What were 
the French Protestants called? Where did they settle, and what did they do? 
11. What happened to the Huguenots ? 12. What can you tell about another colony 
sent by Coligny ? What happened to them ? 



Tio-leen'-ye. - re' -bo. 3 hug'-nots. * law-don' -e-a. 5 ma-len'-deth. 



32 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 



Jfassacre of Huguenots in Florida. 



Retaliation. 




BUILDING THE FORT. 




FRENCH SOLDIER IN 



away the Frenchmen. He laid the foun- 
dations of the city of St. Augustine, 1 and 
then proceeded to murder the Huguenots 
on the St. Johns. 

13. The French King did not resent this 
cruel massacre. One of his subjects, named 
Be Gou?ges, 2 did. He came with ships and 
soldiers, in 1567, and destroyed nearly all the 
Spaniards. So ended, for a time, all at- 
tempts of Frenchmen to colonize America. 

14. Again English navigators tried to 



Question.— 13. Wliat did a French soldier do ? 
1 aw-gus'-tten, a da-goorg'. 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 



33 



Discoveries by Drake. 



Voyages of Gilbert. 



find the northwest passage for which Cabot sought. Mar- 
tin Frdbisher made three voyages on that errand, but failed. 

15. In 1578 Francis Drake went through the Straits 
of Magellan; sailed up the Pacific Coast; plundered 
Spanish settlements in Peru; discovered the coasts of 
California, Oregon, and Washington Territory (1579), 
and made a voyage around the world. He named our West- 
ern coast New Albion. 

16, Walter Raleigh} a 
wealthy and energetic young 
Englishman, who had been a 
soldier under Coligny, in France, 
was now a favorite of Queen 
Elizabeth. He procured for his 
step-brother, Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert, the Queen's permission 
to plant a colony in the warmer 
regions of America. 

17. Early in 1579, GilbeH, 

who was an eminent navigator, sailed for America with a 
number of followers. Storms and Spanish cruisers drove 
him back. He sailed again, with emigrants, four years later 
(1583), stayed awhile at Newfoundland, and on a voyage 
off the coast of Nova Scotia he and his ship perished in a 
storm. 

18. Raleigh now fitted out two ships at his own ex- 
pense, and sent them to America. They reached the 
coast of North Carolina in July, 1584. The people landed 

Questions.— 14. What did English navigators do ? 15. What can you tell about 
Sir Francis Drake? 16. Who was Sir Walter Raleigh, and what did he do? 17. 
What can you tell about Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? 18. What can you tell about an 
expedition sent out by Raleigh ? 

1 raw'-U. 




WALTER RALEIGH. 




SITUATION OF tfOA^OliX. 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 



35 



Saleiffh V Expeditions. 



) 'irginia JVamed. 




ENGLISH GENTLEMAN, 
1580. 



on Roanoke Island, and after trading with the Indians 
and exploring the country near, they returned to England, 
accompanied by two native chiefs. 

19. When Barlow and Amidas} com- 
manders of the vessels, told Raleigh of the 
beauty and grandeur of the region they had 
visited, he was delighted. So also was the 
Queen ; and she gave the name of Vir- 
ginia to this region which Verazzani had 
called New France sixty years before. 

20. The following year (1585) Raleigh 
sent five ships to America under Sir 
Richard Grenville, with one hundred 
emigrants, and Ralph lane as governor. 

They and their governor were gold-seekers, and did not cul- 
tivate the soil. They offended the Indians by bad conduct, 
and were in great peril. 

21. When they were on the point of perishing from star- 
vation or the weapons of the Indians, Sir Francis Drake 
appeared at Roanoke Island, and 
bore the emigrants back to England. 
This was in 1586. 

22. Learning wisdom by experi- 
ence, Raleigh sent out mechanics 
and farmers, with their families, to 
plant a colony. This was in 1587. 
John White was their governor. 
His daughter and her husband, 




RALEIGH'S SHIP. 



Questions.— 19. What effect did the report of the sailors have ? 20. What can you 
tell about another expedition sent by Raleigh? 21. How was a colony paved ? 
22. What can you tell about a third expedition sent by Raleigh ? What happened in 
the colony ? 

1 am'-i-clas. 



36 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 



Virginia Dare. 



End of Raleigh's Expeditions. 



named Dare, were with him. There she gave birth to a 
girl, whom they named Virginia. Virginia Dare was the 
first English child born in America. 

23. Governor White went to England for supplies. He 
was gone very long, and when he returned the colonists had 
disappeared, and were never heard of afterward. Raleigh 
did not send any more colonies to America. 







'-AND 



MAP OF GOSN OLD'S EXPEDITION. 

QUESTIONS.-23. What was the fate of Raleigh's last colony? 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 37 

Discoveries by Englishmen. French Settlements. 



24, In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnolcl crossed the ocean 
and visited a part of the coast of Massachusetts. He dis- 
covered a long cape, and because of the many codfishes 
which he saw there, he named it Cape Cod. On one of a 
group of islands, which he named Elizabeth, in honor of his 
Queen, he attempted to plant a colony, but failed. 

25, In 1603, Martin Pring, an English sailor, discovered 
the coast of Maine and explored the shores of New 
England westward to Martha's Vineyard. In 1605, 
Captain Weymouth, another sailor, visited Maine, and 
there kidnapped some Indians. This crime made the 
natives hate the white people, and they gave the English 
much trouble afterward. 

26, At this time the French tried again to make settle- 
ments in America. De Monts, 1 a wealthy Protestant, 
obtained a grant from his King for that purpose, and in 1604 
and 1605 he planted a colony on what is now Nova Scotia, 
and called the country Acadia. 2 

27, E>e Monts sent Samuel Champlain to the St. 
Lawrence in 1608. There he planted a settlement and 
named the place Quebec, It is the oldest French settle- 
ment in America, for the others were short-lived. In 1609, 
Champlain discovered the lake that bears his name. 

28, In 1607, some London merchants sent Henry Hud- 
son to search for a northwest passage to India. He made 
two voyages, but failed, and the project was abandoned. 

29, In 1609, Hudson 'offered his services to the Dutch 

Questions.— 24. What can you tell about Gosnold's voyage and discoveries? 
25. What can you tell about other English sailors ? 26. What can you tell about 
French settlements in America ? 27. Tell about the voyage and discoveries of 
Champlain. 28. What can you tell about Hudson ? 

1 deh-mong'. 2 ah-ka'-de-a. 



38 



ENGLISH AND FREXCH DISCOVERERS. 



Discoveries in America by Hudson. 




East India Company, at Am- 
sterdam, in searching for a passage 
to India around the north of Eu- 
rope. They sent him in a small 
vessel called the Half Moon. Ice 
covered the sea in that direction, 
and he sailed westward to America. 
30. Early in September, 1609, 
Hudson entered New York Har- hotbok. 

bor. He explored the .river that bears 
his name as far up as the site of Alba uij. 
This discovery led to a traffic in furs 
between the Dutch and the Indians, 
and then to the founding of a settle- 
ment on the site of New TorJc. 

31. Hudson afterward discovered 
the great bay in the far north which 
bears his name. There some of his sailors, who rebelled, 
put Hudson and his son, with seven sick companions, in an 
open boat, and set them adrift to perish on the deep with 
cold and hunger. 
32, In this section we have considered — 
(1) The discovery of America by Cabot and Verazzani ; 
(2) the discovery of the St. Lawrence and Canada by Car- 
tier ; (3) the attempts of Coligny to found a colony in 
Florida, and the cruelty of the Spaniards there ; (4) the 
voyages of Frobisher and Drake, the latter to the Pacific 
coast ; (5) the failures of Raleigh to make settlements ; 




HALF-MOON. 



Questions.— 29. What else did Hudson attempt ? 30. What discoveries did he make, 
and what did they lead to ? 31. What did Hudson afterward discover, and what was 
his fate '/ 32. What have we considered in this section ? 



bote!4M 




P A c if r 
TTceTTn 

Eng'd by Fisk A Russell N.Y. 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 39 



Outline of Important Bvents. 



(6) explorations of the New England coasts; (7) the 

French settlements in Acadia and in Canada ; and (8) 
the discovery of the Hudson River. 

OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1002 TO 1609.* 

1002. America discovered by Northmen. 

1492. American islands discovered by Columbus. 

1498. North American Continent discovered by Sebastian Cabot. 
14.98. South American Continent discovered by Columbus. 

1499. The American Continent first seen by Americus Vespuccius. 
1504- The name of America given to our Continent in honor of Americus 

Vespuccius. 
1510. Settlement made on the Isthmus of Darien. 

1512. Florida discovered by John Ponce de Leon. 

1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa. 
1517-1518. Coasts of Yucatan and Mexico explored. 

1519. Straits of Magellan discovered. 
1519-1521. Mexico conquered by Cortez. 

1520. D'Ayllon visits the coasts of South Carolina and kidnaps Indians. 
1524. Verazzani explores the coasts of North America from the Caro- 

linas to Nova Scotia. 

1528. Narvaez attempts to conquer Florida. 

1534. Cartier discovers the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. 

1535-1541. Cartier explores the St. Lawrence and winters at Quebec. 

1589-1541. De Soto attempts to conquer Florida. 

1542. Cabrillo explores the coasts of California and Oregon. 

1562. Coligny attempts to settle French Protestants in Florida. 

1504. Coligny sends another colony to Florida. They are massacred 
by the Spaniards. 

1567. De Gourges destroys the Spaniards in Florida. 

1579. Francis Drake visits the coasts of California, Oregon and Wash- 
ington Territory. 

1582. Espejo explores New Mexico. 

1584. Walter Raleigh sends an expedition to the coasts of North Caro- 

lina. The country named Virginia. 

1585. Raleigh plants a settlement on Roanoke Island. 

* This outline is for the use of the teacher and pupil. The teacher may find in 
each topic, suggestions for queries, to which answers, without reference to the text, 
may be given by the pupil, orally or in writing on paper or on the blackboard. The 
written exercise is recommended as the best for giving essential aid to the memory 
in retaining facts. A pattern may be found on the next page. 



40 



ENGLISH AXD FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 



Outline of Important Events. 



'Pattern for a Synopsis. 



1586. The Roanoke settlers return to England. 

1587. Raleigh sends another colony to Virginia, It was lost. 

1602, Gosnold discovers the coasts of Massachusetts and names Cape 

Cod. 
1603-1604, Martin Pring explores the New England coasts. 
1604-1605. The French plant a colony in Nova Scotia and call the 

country Acadia. 
1605, Captain Weymouth visits New England and kidnaps Indians. 
160S. Cham plain founds Quebec. 
1609, Champlain discovers Lake Champlain. 
1609, Henry Hudson discovers the Bay of New York and the North or 

Hudson River. 



The following is a 
sis or outline sketch 
TOPIC i 



PERSONAL NOTES 



{ 



raleigh's step-bro- 
ther, HUMPHREY 
GILBERT. 



RALEIGH'S NAVIGA- J 
TORS. 

EFFECT OF THE NAV- J 
IGATORS 1 REPORT. [ 



OTHER PERSONS SENT 

TO AMERICA BT 

RALEIGH. 



END OF RALEIGH'S 
EFFORTS TO PLANT A ■ 
COLONY IN AMERICA 



pattern for the pupil in making a synop- 
of a subject : 

; SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 

A young Englishman. 

A soldier under Coligny, in France. 

A favorite of Queen Elizabeth. 

Receives a commission from Queen Elizabeth. 

Sails for America in 1579. 

Driven back by storms and Spanish cruisers. 

Visits America and perishes in a storm at sea. 

Amidas and 'Barlow sail for America in 1584. 

Land on Roanoke Island and explore the neighbor- 
ing regions. 

Return to England with a good report. 

Raleigh and the Queen delighted. 

The Q.ueen names a portion of New France, Vir- 
ginia. 

Five ships under Sir Richard Grenville sail for 
Roanoke in 1585. 

Emigrants land on Roanoke Island and search for 
gold. 

They offend the Indians, and are in great peril. 

They are taken back to England by Sir Francis 
"Drake . 

Raleigh sends farmers and mechanics to plant a colony 
in America in 15S7. 

John White governor of the colony. 

Virginia Dai*e, grand-daughter of Governor White, 
born on Roanoke Island. 

Virginia Dare the first English child born in 
America. 

While White was in England, the colony disappears 
forever. 

Raleigh sends no more ships to America. 



42 SETTLERS AXD SETTLEMENTS. 

Discoveries and "Planting of Settlements. Virginia rind its Divisions. 

CHAPTER II . 

SETTLERS ANT® SETTLEMENTS. 



SECTION I. 

SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN VIRGINIA. 

1. We have considered the principal events in the dis- 
covery of different parts of America. By these discov- 
eries different nations claimed a light to the country. These 
were the Spanish, French, English and Dutch nations. 
The English claimed a right to the whole region across the 
continent, in width, from Cape Fear, in North Carolina, 
to Halifax, in Nova Scotia. 

2. We will now notice the planting of settlements 
in parts of America where Colonies and States have since 
existed. We will notice them in the order of time in which 
settlements were first made, beginning with Virginia. 

3. This domain was divided into North and South Vir- 
ginia. In 1606, King James of England gave a charter 
or written agreement, by which a number of persons were 
permitted to make settlements in Virginia. They formed 
two associations. One was named the Plymouth x Com- 
pany, and the other the London Company. 

4. The Plymouth Company were authorized to make 
settlements in North Virginia. The London Company 

Questions.— 1. What, have we considered? What can you tell about different 
claims ? 2. How will we notice the planting of settlements ? 3. How was Virginia 
divided ? What companies were formed ? 4. What privilege had each company ? 

1 plim'-uth. 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 43 

'Plymouth and London Companies. Emigration to Virginia. 

were allowed to do the same in South Virginia. The 
Plymouth Company made the first attempts at settlement, 
but failed. 

5. In December, 1606, the London Company sent Cap 
tain Newport, with three ships and one hundred and five 
men, to make a settlement on Roanoke Island. The ships 
were driven "by a storm into Chesapeake 1 Bay. They 
sailed up a broad river more than fifty miles, and landed at 
a place which they afterward called Jamestown. The river 
they called the James. 

6. It was in April, 1607, when the emigrants landed. The 
King had appointed certain persons among them to govern 

the colony. Among these was Cap- 
tain John Smith, a great soldier, 
and Bartholomew Gosnold, 2 who 
had proposed the expedition. Ed- 
ivard Wing field was chosen to be 
president of this council. 

7. Most of the emigrants were 
unfit to be the founders of a 
colony. They had come without 
john smith. families, to make a fortune by dig- 

ging gold, and then to return. Many of them were idle. 
Some of them were vicious. The president turned out to 
be a knave. 

8. Virginia was then inhabited by Indians. They were 
ruled by an emperor called Powhatan? He lived on the 

Qttestions.-5. What did the London Company do ? What happened ? 6. What 
can you tell about the emigrants in Virginia? 7. What was their character? 
8. What can you tell about the inhabitants and their monarch ? 

1 ches'-a-peek. a goz'-nold. 3 pow-hah-tan' 




44 SETTLERS AND SETTLE31ENTS. 

Captain Smith and the First Virginia Settlers. 

banks of the James River, near the site of Richmond. 
Smith and Newport visited him there, and were kindly re- 
ceived. 

9. In June, Newport sailed for England with the ships, 
leaving a small vessel at Jamestown. The idle settlers 
would not work. The food they had brought with them was 
gone before the close of summer, for much had been spoiled 
on the voyage. They had raised almost nothing from the 
soil, and the Indians, who were unfriendly, would not bring 
them corn. 

10. Famine came and with it sickness. Early in Septem- 
ber one-half of the settlers were dead. Captain 
Smith went down to the mouth of the James, and by his 
courage and energy compelled the Indians there to bring 
him large quantities of corn, with which he returned to 
Jamestown and saved the colony from starvation. 

1 1 . When he returned, President Wing field and a few 
others were about to go away with the small vessel and what 
was left of the stores, when Smith, by force of arms, com- 
pelled him to stay. Soon after that Smith was chosen to be 
president of the colony. 

12. In October, wild fowl became plentiful on the waters, 
and corn was procured fiom the abundant crop of the 
Indians. When order and abundance were restored, Cap- 
tain Smith and a few others went up the Chickahominy 1 
River in a boat, where he was made a prisoner by the 



Questions.— 9. How did the settlers act ? 10. What can you tell about famine and 
sickness, and the services of Captain Smith ? 11. What can you tell about President 
Wingfield and his successor ? 12. What was now the condition of the colony ? 
What about Captain Smith ? 

1 chick-a-hom'-i-ny. 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



45 



Captain 6'mith and Pocahontas. 



Arrival of other Emir/rants. 




POCAHONTAS. 



Indians. He was taken to another dwelling of Powhatan, 

on the Yorh River. 

13. After much consultation, the 
Indians concluded to put Smith to 
death. His head was laid upon a 
large stone, and two warriors had 
raised their clubs to beat out his 
brains, when Pocahontas, 1 the 
favorite daughter of Powhatan, 
sprang from her father's side, 
clasped the head of Smith with her 
arms, and begged for his life. Her 
request was granted, and Smith 
was sent back to Jamestown. 

14, The colony was again starving. It was winter. Only 
forty were living when Smith returned, and these were pre- 
paring to leave Virginia, and go to the West Indies. Smith 
again procured food, and they remained. In the spring of 
1608, Newport came with supplies and a company of emi- 
grants, when the hopes of the first settlers were revived. 

15. The new emigrants were no better than the first. 
They were mostly gold-hunters, and would not work. 
Smith turned from Jamestoivn with disgust for a while, 
and with a few companions he explored Chesapeake 2 Bay 
and its tributary streams, in an open boat. In this way, in 
the course of three months, they voyaged about three 
thousand miles. Smith made a map of the country he 



had explored. 

Questions.— 13. Tell the story of Captain Smith and Pocahontas. 14. What did 
Smith find and what did he do at Jamestown ? 15. What can you tell about new 
emigrants, and what did Smith do in the way of explorations ? 

1 po-kah-hon' -tas. a ches'-a-peek. 




t Ei 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 47 

Lazy Settlers. New Arrangements. jPerils of the Colony. 

16. In the autumn Newport came again, with emigrants. 
With them were two women, the first who had ever come 
from Europe to Virginia. The men who then came were 
of the same sort as the others. Smith tried to induce them 
to cultivate the soil, but they would not. Laziness af- 
flicted most of the settlers, and at the end of two years they 
had not more than forty acres under tillage. 

17. The London Company obtained a new charter in 
1609, by which the management of the colony was put in 
the hands of a governor with a council. Under this second 
charter, Lord De la Wavr (Delaware x ) was appointed gov- 
ernor for life. Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers 2 and 
Captain Newport were appointed commissioners to manage 
the colony until the arrival of the governor. 

18. In June, Newport sailed with nine ships and five 
hundred emigrants. Gates and Somers sailed in the same 
vessel with Newport. A storm scattered the fleet, and 
Newport's ship was wrecked on one of the Bermuda islands. 

19. Seven vessels reached Jamestown in safety, with 
most of the emigrants. It was a more vicious company than 
any which had , yet arrived. In the autumn, an accident 
compelled Captain Smith to go to England. Left to 
themselves, the lawless colony so offended the Indians that 
the savages refused to let them have food, and resolved to 
kill all the Englishmen. The settlers were saved by a 
timely warning from the good and loving Pocahontas. 

Questions.- 16. Who came with Newport ? What about the men ? 17. What can 
you tell about a second charter and appointments under it ? 18. Tell about a large 
emigration to Virginia. 19. What was the character of the emigrants, and how did 
they act ? How were they saved ? 

1 del'-ah-ware. 2 sum'-mers. 







^V^'V; 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 49 

2'he "Starving Time." Setter Emigrants. 

20. Famine did much of the work which the Indian s 
had conspired to do. The winter and spring of 1610 was 
long remembered as "the starving time." Within six 
months after Smith left only sixty of the five hundred set- 
tlers were alive. 

21. When the commissioners reached Jamestown, in 
June, the prospect was so gloomy, that they resolved to 
abandon Virginia, and go to JVeivfoundland. When they 
reached the mouth of the James in their vessels, they met a 
small squadron coming in. Lord Delaware had arrived 
with food and emigrants. The whole company were resting 
at Jamestown that night. 

22. Now there was a happy change. Six ships with 
three hundred emigrants came in 1611. They were mostly 
sober and industrious men, who tilled the ground and 
made food abundant. The colony flourished, and in 1613 
there were a thousand Englishmen in Virginia, when 
an event happened that affected the colony favorably. 

23. That event was the kidnapping of Pocahontas 
by Captain Argall, 1 a sort of freebooter. Her father was 
sullen and unfriendly. Food had become scarce at James- 
town, and Powhatan would not allow any to be carried 
there. Argall declared that he would not give up Poca- 
hontas until food should be sent. Her father was firm, and 
she remained a prisoner several months. 

24. Meanwhile John Rolfe, 1 a well-born Englishman, fell 
in love with Pocahontas, and they wished to be married. 

Questions.— 20. What can yon tell about the " starving time ? " 21. What did the 
commissioners attempt to do, and what occurred ? 22. What happy change occurred ? 

23. What remarkable event happened ? What can you tell about Captain Argall ? 

24. What can you tell about the marriage of Pocahontas and its result ? 

1 ar'-gmd. 5 rdf. 



50 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



Jlfarrictf/e of "PocaJiontas. 




MARRIAGE OF POCAHONTAS. 



Her father gave his consent, and they were married in the 
church at Jamestown in April, 1613. Powhatan was the 
friend of the English ever afterward. Pocahontas went 
to England with her husband, and there died. 

25. Under a third charter, obtained in 1612, the London 
Company permitted the establishment of a representa- 
tive government in Virginia. The colony was divided 



Questions.— 25. What good thing occurred under a third charter? 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 51 

Virginia Representative Assembly. Jitock at Manhattan. 

into counties. Each county was allowed two representatives, 
called burgesses, in a general assembly. In June, 1019, 
when George Yeardly was governor, the first representa- 
tive assembly met at Jamestown. Then was laid the 
foundation of the State of Virginia. 
26. We have considered in this section— 
(1) The nationalities of the discoverers and the claims 
of the English; (2) the divisions of Virginia and the 
companies formed to colonize it ; (3) the companies of set- 
tlers sent there ; (4) the progress and suffering of the 
colony and the career of Captain Smith ; (5) the services 
and marriage of Pocahontas ; and (6) the establishment of 
Representative Government. 



SECTION II. 

SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN NEW YORK, MASSACHUSETTS 
AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1. We have observed that the discoveries of Hudson led 
to traffic, and the founding of a colony on the site of 
New York. One of the greatest of the Dutch seamen who 
came to the mouth of the Hudson River to trade was 
Adrian Block, who landed on the lower part of Manhat- 
tan IslanbZ, on which the city of New York now stands. 

2. Late in 1613, Block's ship was burnt. During the 
following winter he and his men built another, and in it they 
sailed through Long Island Sound, discovering the Con- 

Questions. — 26. What have we considered in this section ? 

Questions.— 1. What can you tell about a great Dutch seaman ? 2. What can you 
tell about his ship and his explorations ? 



52 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



ATew Netherland and 'Dutch West India Company, 



Settlements. 



necticut 1 River and other considerable streams, extending 
their explorations as far as the coasts of Massachusetts. 

3. In 1614, the government of Holland granted exclusive 
permission to certain Amsterdam merchants to traffic on 
the Hudson and in the territory then included 
in North Virginia. This territory the Dutch 
or Holland people claimed as theirs, by right 
of discovery, and called the country New 
Netherlands 

4. The vessels of these merchants went up 
the Hudson to the site of Albany, southward to 
the Delaware, and eastward to Rhode 3 Island, 
on trading voyages. These traders built a fort 
near the head of the tide-waters of the Hud- 
son, and named it Fort Orange. Dutchman [leao]. 

5. In 1621, these merchants and others 
formed the Dutch West India Compa- 
ny. They bought Manhattan 4 ' Island, 
at the mouth of the Hudson, from the 
Indians, for about twenty-five dollars ; and 
New Netherland was made a province of 

SEAL OF NEW NETHER- 

land. Holland. 

6. The settlement of families in New Netherland 

was desirable, and in 1623 about thirty families of French 

Protestants, who had lived in Holland, came over the sea 

to Manhattan. Some settled there ; some founded a set- 





Questions — 3. What did the government of Holland do, and what was the result? 
4. What did Dutch vessels do ? 5. What can you tell about the Dutch West India 
Company and the island of Manhattan ? 6. What can you tell about colonizing New 
Netherland ? 



kon-net'-i-cut. 2 neth'-er-land. 3 rode. * man-hat' -tan. 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 53 



JV'ew England Explored. 'Permanent Settlements there. The Puritan*. 

tlenient at Fort Orange, now Albany, and some young 
married couples located on the Delaware River. 

7. Thus was established the colony of New Nether- 
land. The city that grew on Manhattan was called 
New Amsterdam. 1 Both the province and city were 
afterward named New York. 

8. We have observed that the Plymouth Company had 
made vain efforts to plant colonies in North Virginia. So 
early as 1614, Captain John Smith had explored the north- 
eastern coasts of America from Cape Cod to the Penob- 
scot 2 River, and made a map of the region, which he called 
New England. 3 

9. It was not until 1620 that a permanent settle- 
ment was made in New England. What the Plymouth 
Company, an association of rich speculators, failed to do, was 
done by a few humble Christian men and women. At that 

time there was a large class of Protestants 
in England, who, because of the purity of 
their professions and lives, were called 
Puritans. These, as well as Roman 
Catholics, were persecuted by King James 
of England and the leaders in the church 
fe of England. 

10. These Puritans were so annoyed, 
that many of them went to Holland, where 
they could worship God as they pleased. 
a puritan. g ut tne y were kiig ec i t0 g secretly. A 

Questions.— 7. What can you tell about the change of names ? 8. What can you 
tell about explorations on the New England coasts ? 9. Give an account of the 
Puritans, and how they were treated. 10. What did the Puritans do ? 

1 am'-ster-dam', a pe-nub'scot. 3 ing'-land. 




54 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



Attenijrted Embarkation for Holland. 




whole congregation trying to get on board a Dutch vessel 
qu the coast of England, were surprised by a party of 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



55 



The Puritans in Holland. 



'Their Emigration to America. 



horsemen sent to prevent their going. Some had embarked, 
and some, with women and children, were left on shore. 
But all got to Holland finally. 

11. At Ley den, 1 in Holland, these Puritans formed a 
church, with John Robinson as their pastor. They con- 
cluded to plant a free colony in America, under the domin- 
ion of their native country. A bargain was made with the 
Plymouth Company, and a partnership was formed with 

London merchants for planting 
a colony. In September, 1620, 
"the youngest and best" of the 
Leyden congregation, who went 
to England, left Plymouth in 
the May -Flower, in charge of 
Elder Brewster. 

12. These " Pilgrims,' ' as 
they called themselves, one hun- 
dred and one in number, including women and children, 
arrived at Cape Cod in December, and landed on the shores 
of Massachusetts on the 22d of that month, at a place 
they called Plymouth. On the lid of Elder Brewster's 
chest, in the cabin of the May-Flower, they had signed 
an agreement for the government of the colony, and chose 
John Carver to be their governor. Thus they laid the 
basis of a State. 

13. Log-huts were built in the snow. Here they passed 
a severe winter in extreme suffering. At one time only 




MAY-FLOWER. 



Questions.— 11. Give an account of the Puritans in Holland, and what they did. 
12. Who were the " Pilgrims ? " Tell about their coming to America. 13- Give an 
account of the sufferings of the " Pilgrims." 



IV-den. 



56 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



The 'Puritan Government in jYew England. 




seven persons were well enough to take care of the sick. 
Before spring came one-half of the Pilgrims had died. 




SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 57 

Sufferings of the ^Pilgrims. Settlement of JVew Hampshire. 

Governor Carver and his wife perished ; and William 
Bradford was chosen governor in his place. 

14. The survivors of that dreadful winter 
persevered. They built houses, planted 
grain, and were joined by other Puritans ; 
and so the foundations of the State of 
Massachusetts x were laid. 

15. North of Massachusetts is New 

GOV. CARVER'S 

chair. Hampshire? It was, at first, part of a 

larger territory named Maine. In 1620, the Plymouth 
Company received a new charter, under the title of the 
"Council of Plymouth," with great powers ; and they 
put forth vigorous efforts to colonize New England. 

16. In 1622, the Company granted to John Mason, its 
Secretary, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges? its most active 
member, a tract of land " bounded by the Merrimack,* the 
Kennebec, 5 the Ocean and the River of Canada," 6 or the 
St. Lawrence. 

17- Fishermen employed by Mason and Gorges built log 
huts on the Piscataqua, 7 at PoHsmouth and Dover. In 
1629, Mr. Wheelwright, a clergyman, purchased from the 
Indians the territory between the Merrimack and Pis- 
cataqua, and founded Exeter. 9, The same year Mason and 
Gorges dissolved their partnership, when the former obtained 
a grant of the same territory, and called the domain New 
Hampshire. 



Questions.— 14. What did the surviving Pilgrims do, and what was* the result? 
15. What can you tell about New Hampshire and the Plymouth Company? 16. To 
whom did rhey grant a domain, and what were its boundaries V 17. How were the 
settlements begun in New Hampshire ? 

1 mas-m-chu'-sets. "~ hamp'-sheer. 3 gor'-jes. * mer'-i-mak. 5 ken-e-bek' '. * kan'- 
a-dah. 7 pis-cat' -a-kwah. 8 ex'-e-ter. 



58 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



Cape Cod 7? ay. 




18. Mason had been governor of Portsmouth^ in 

1 ports'-muth. 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 59 



Founding of "Portsmouth. JVew Hampshire a Ztoyal Pre 




CLEARING THE LAND. 



Hampshire, England. He built a house near the mouth 
of the Piscataqua, and named the place Portsmouth. 
Other feeble settlements were made further eastward. 
Those in New Hampshire were too scattered to form a 
government, and in 1641 that domain became a part of the 
colony of Massachusetts. 

19. In 1679, New Hampshire was made a separate 
royal province, when its foundations as a commonwealth 
were laid. It was ruled by a governor appointed by the 



Questions —18. What did Mason do ? What can you tell about the settlements : 
19. How was the commonwealth of New Hampshire established and governed? 



60 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



Kinr; James atid the Soman Catholics. Calvert, Lord ^Baltimore. 

King and an assembly elected by the people. From 1641 to 
this date (1679) it had been for a large part of the time 
under the control of Massachusetts. 
20. We have considered in this section — 
(1) The Dutch on Manhattan and their explorations ; 
(2) the founding of New Netherlands by the Butch West 
India Company ; (3) the colonizing of New Netherland ; 
(4) the early explorations in New England; (5) the 
Puritans and the " Pilgrims "; and (6) the settlements in 
Massachusetts and New Hampshire. 

SECTION III. 

SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN MARYLAND, CONNECTICUT AND 
RHODE ISLAND. 

1. King James persecuted the Roman Catholics as 
well as the Puritans. One of them, however, he esteemed 
and honored. That was George Calvert, 1 who was a zealous 
royalist. The King made him a Secretary of State and 
created him Lord Baltimore? 

2. Baltimore wished to find a place of refuge in 
America for his persecuted brethren. While he was seek- 
ing a place, the King died. His son and successor, Charles 
the First, granted to Baltimore a charter for a large terri- 



Questions.— 20. What have we considered in this section ? 

Questions.— 1. What did King James do ? What can yon tell ahout George Cal- 
vert ? 2. What did Lord Baltimore desire, and what did he obtain '( 



ka«l'-iert. - bawl' '-ti-mort 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 61 

Charter of Maryland. Settlement of Maryland. Clay borne. 




tory lying on each side of Chesapeake Bay, which was 
called Maryland, in honor of the King's wife, Henrietta 
Mary. 

3. Before the charter was issued, Lord Baltimore died, 
and was succeeded by his son, Cecil Calvert, who received 

the grant in 1632. Late in 1633, 
a company of settlers, many of 
them Roman Catholic gentle- 
men, with their families and ser- 
vants, sailed for the Chesapeake, 
with Leonard Calvert as their 
governor. This was the first 
Roman Catholic colony that 
came to America from Great 

CECIL, SECOND LORD BALTIMORE. _ . , . 

Britain. 

4. The colonists arrived in the spring of 1634. The gov- 
ernor purchased an Indian village near the mouth of the 
Potomac River, named it St. Marys, and there founded 
the capital of the province. William Claybome, 1 from 
Virginia, had established trading posts within the domain 
of Maryland as early as 1631, and he gave the colonists 
much trouble by his claims. 

5. The charter of Maryland was a liberal one. It pro- 
vided for a representative government, and left the 
people almost free in religious matters. The consequence 
was that persecuted persons flocked to Maryland from 
other places, and the colony flourished. 

Questions.— 3. What can you tell about Cecil Calvert and emigration to America ? 
4. What did the governor and colonists do ? What can you tell about an earlier set- 
tler ? 5. What have you to say about the charter of Maryland and the effects of its 
liberality ? 

1 kla'-born. 



62 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 

The Government of Maryland. Settlement of Connecticut. 

6. The first legislature of Maryland met at St. Marys, 
to make laws, in March, 1635. It was a purely democratic 
assembly, for every freeman was allowed to vote. These 
freemen soon became so numerous that a representative gov- 
ernment was established in 1639. Then the foundations of 
the commonwealth of Maryland were laid. 

7. In the same year (1633) in which the Roman Catho- 
lics sailed for Maryland, Puritans from Massachusetts 
had begun a settlement in the valley of the Con- 
necticut River. Block's discovery of that river, almost 
twenty years before, made the Dutch claim the territory as 
a part of New Netherland. They had already built a fort 
there near the site of Hartford. 

8. In the fall of 1633, Captain Holmes} with a number 
of Puritans from Plymouth, with materials for a house, 
went up the Connecticut River in a sloop. The Butch at 
the fort ordered them to stop there, but they sailed by, and 
on the site of Windsor, above Hartford, they set up their 
house and began a settlement. Soldiers were sent from 
Manhattan (New York) to drive them away, but they 
were unable to do so. 

9. Late in 1635, a company of men, 
women and children from the Puritan 
settlements in Massachusetts, went 
through the woods to the Connecticut, 
and on the site of Hartford they spent a 
severe winter. They suffered much from FmST meeting-house. 

Questions.— 6. What can you tell about the government of Maryland ? 7. What 
can you tell about the valley of the Connecticut ? 8. Give an account of the first 
English settlers in Connecticut. 9. Give an account of a winter emigration to Con- 
necticut. 




SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 63 

Settlements in Connecticut. 2'he ^Pequods Hostile. 

cold and hunger. They built log-huts and a small meeting- 
house, in which to worship God in common. 

10. Many of the settlers at Hartford returned. In the 
following summer (1636) another company of Puritans, led 
from Massachusetts by the Rev. Mr. Hooker, went through 
the wilderness to Hartford. It was a pleasant journey. 
They arrived there on the 4th of July, and on the following 
Sabbath they worshipped in the little meeting-house. That 
was the first permanent settlement made in the 
Connecticut Valley. 

11. The year before (1635), John Winthrop was sent to 
be governor of Connecticut, assisted by two others. They 
built a fort at the mouth of the river just in time to have it 
useful as a defence against the fierce Pequod x or Pequot 
Indians, who made war on the white people, kidnapped their 
children, and murdered their men in the woods and fields. 

12. The Pequods were jealous because the English were 
the friends of the Mohegans 2 and Narragansets? their 
enemies. They feared the white people would take their 
country away from them. They therefore determined to 
destroy the English. 

13. In the spring of 1637, the Massachusetts colonies 
joined those of Connecticut, in fighting the Pequods. In 
May full five hundred Englishmen and JVarraganset In- 
dians marched into the country of these savages, between 
the Mystic* and Illumes 5 rivers. They were led by Cap- 
tain Mason, a famous Indian fighter. 

Questions.— 10. Give an account of a second emigration from Connecticut. 
11. What did Winthrop and others do in Connecticut ? 12. What, can you tell about, 
the Pequods ? Why did the Pequods make war on the English ? 13. What did the 
Massachusetts colonists do ? Tell about their doings with Connecticut colonists. 

1 pe'-quod. 3 mo-lit'-q'ns, 3 mr-ra-gan'-sets. * mW-tik. 5 tem$. 



64 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



Dispersion of the 'Pequods. 




MAP OF THE PEQUOD OR PEQUOT COUNTRY. 

14. These allies attacked a strong fort of the Pequods, 
and by fire and weapons destroyed more than six hundred 
men, women and children. Sassacus, 1 their great sachem, 
fled westward, with a few followers, hotly pursued. Most of 
the Pequods were destroyed. Sassacus escaped to the 
Mohawks. 2 His nation had literally perished in a day. 
For forty years afterward, the white people of Connecticut 
were unmolested by the Indians. 



Questions.— 14. Give an account of the destruction of the Pequods as a nation 
1 sas'-sa-Tcus. - nw'-hawks. 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 65 

New Haven and Connecticut Colonies. Roger Williams 'Banished. 

15. The English who chased the Pequods discovered the 
beautiful country that borders Long Island Sound. Its 
fame spread in Massachusetts, and in the spring of 1638, 
emigrants formed a settlement on the site of New Haven. 
They were led by Rev. John Davenport, who preached the 
first sermon there under a large oak tree. They formed 
a government after a pattern found in the Bible. It was 
called the New Haven Colony. 

16. In 1639, the settlers in the Connecticut Valley met 
in convention at Hartford, and signed a written constitu- 
tion. They formed a representative government. 
Provision was made for the annual election of a governor 
and legislature by the people. Allegiance to the new State, 
and not to the King, was required. It was called the Con- 
necticut Colony. Thus were laid the foundations of the 
commonwealth of Connecticut. 

17. At about the same time movements were in progress 
for the founding of a state between Connecticut and New 
Plymouth. The authorities in Massachusetts, in church 
and state, were such rigid disciplinarians, that a non-con- 
formist to their rules could not be tolerated. 

18. Roger Williams, a minister of the gospel at Salem, 
offended these authorities by his liberal and tolerant views, 
and late in 1635 they issued an order for his banishment. 
He left his home in the dead of winter (1636), and sought 
refuge among the savages of the wilderness near Narra- 
ganset Bay. 

19. In the spring of 1636, Williams was joined by some 

Questions— 15. What led to a settlement at New Haven ? How was it accom- 
plished ? 16. What can you tell about the settlers in the Connecticut Valley, and the 
government which they formed ? 17. What can you tell about movements for found- 
ing a new State ? 18. What can you tell about Roger Williams ? 



66 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 

"Providence Founded. Other Settlements in Hkode Island. Its Name. 

friends, and at the head of Narraganset Bay they founded 
a settlement, which, in recognition of God's providential 
care, was named Providence. It is now the chief city of 
Rhode Island. 

20. Men and women, persecuted by the authorities of 
Massachusetts, went to Providence to enjoy freedom of 
conscience. The settlement grew. The settlers established 
a purely democratic government, and the great chiefs 
of the Narraganset Indians were their fast friends. It 
was through the influence of Roger Williams that these 
Indians were induced to help the English against the Pe- 
quods, which saved the New England settlements 
from destruction. 

2 1 , Other persecuted men from Boston received from the 
Narraganset chief the island of Aquiday, 1 or Aquitnet, 2 
the " Peaceable Isle." The Dutch called it Roodt Eyland 
— Red Island — which has been corrupted into Rhode 
Island, In 1638, the English settled at the upper end of 
it, and founded Portsmouth there. 

22. The next year other immigrants from Boston settled 
toward the southern extremity of the island, and founded 
Newport. These settlers organized a democratic govern- 
ment after the model of that at Providence, and with the 
latter received the name of the Providence and Rhode 
Island Plantations. The seal bore the words, " Amor 
vincit omnia" — "Love is all-powerful." 

23, In 1643, Roger Williams went to England to ob- 

Questions.— 19. Give an account of the settlement of Providence. 20. Give an ac- 
count of the colony at Providence, its government, and the services of Roger Wil- 
liams. 21. Give an account of the settlement of Portsmouth. 22. Give an account 
of the settlement of Newport and their government. 

1 ah'-Jcwee-day. a ah-kweet'-net. 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 67 

2'he Commonwealth of IRJiode Island Established. 

tain a charter for the creation of the settlements into a com- 
monwealth. He succeeded, and in 1644, he returned with a 
charter, making the Providence and Rhode Island Plan • 
tations an independent colony. Thus were laid the 
foundations of the commonwealth of Rhode Island. 
24, We have considered in this section — 
(1) The relations of King James to the Roman Cath- 
olics ; (2) the creation of Lord Baltimore and the char- 
ter for Maryland ; (3) the settlements of Maryland and 
the government of the province ; (4) settlements in the 
Valley of the Connecticut ; (5) the war with the Pe- 
qwods, the settlement at New Haven, and the founding 
of the commonwealth of Connecticut; and (6) the 
founding of the commonwealth of Rhode Island. 



SECTION IV. 

SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY AND 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

1. In the year 1638, a small colony from Sweden, with 
Peter Minuit 1 as governor, sent by the Swedish West 
India Company, made the first permanent settlement on 
the present domain of Delaware. It was on the site of New- 
castle. They built a fort and church on the site of Wil- 
mington, and called the territory New Sweden. 

Questions.— 23. What can you tell about the charter of Rhode Island and the 
founding of the commonwealth? 24. What have we considered in this section? 

Questions,— 1. What can you tell about first permanent settlers in Delaware ? 

1 min'-wit. 



63 SETTLER J AND SETTLEMENTS. 

The Swedes on the Delaware. Settlements in JVen> Jersey. 

2. The Dutch claimed the territory as a part of New 
Netherlands, and ordered the Swedes to leave. The 
Swedes stayed. The colony grew, and finally they laid the 
foundations of the capital of a Swedish province upon an 
island a little below Philadelphia. 

3. The Dutch West India Company now resolved to 
subdue or expel the Swedes. Governor Stuyvesant 1 went to 
the Delaware from Manhattan, with ships and soldiers, 
in the summer of 1655, and within a month he subjugated 
the Swedes and destroyed then- capital. New Sweden 
was no more. Its colonists remained faithful subjects of the 
Dutch and English ever afterward. 

4. New Jersey was also a part of New Netherland. 
Just below the site of Camden the Dutch built a fort in 
1623. Four young married couples came from Manhattan 
the same year, and began a settlement on the Delaware, 
near this fort. Some Danes had settled at Bergen 2 the 
year before. 

5. In 1664, the Duke of York, to whom New Nether- 
land had been granted by his brother, King Charles, took 
possession of the whole province by force of arms ; and the 
same year some English families of Long Island settled 
on the site of Elizabeth, in New Jersey. 

6. The following year the Duke granted the territory be- 
tween the Hudson and Delaware rivers to Lord Berkeley 3 
and Sir George CaHeret. The latter sent Philip Car- 



Questions.— 2. What did the Dutch do ? What did the Swedes do ? 3. What can 
you tell about the act of the Dutch West India Company and General Stuyvesant ? 
4. What can you tell about first settlements in New Jersey ? 5. What did the Duke 
of York do ? What people went to New Jersey ? 6. What did the Duke of York do 
then ? What did Carteret do ? 

1 sW-ve-sant. 2 bur-g'n. 3 berk'-ly. 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



69 



Founding of JVew Jersey and Pennsylvania. 



teret 1 as governor, and steps were taken to promote emigra- 
tion to that province. 

7, The territory was called New Jersey, in honor of 
Sir George, who had been governor of Jersey, one of the 
British islands. A representative government was 
established in 1665, and then the foundations of the com- 
monwealth of New Jersey were laid. 

8* Less than twenty years later, 
another colony was established be- 
yond the Delaware by William 
Penn, son of the eminent English 
admiral of that name. He was of a 
sect who called themselves "Friends," 
but who were named Quakers in 
derision. They were persecuted in 
England, and, like other leading 
non-conformists, Penn desired to find an asylum for his 
brethren where they might enjoy peace. 

9. Already the " Friends " had possession of West Jersey 
by purchase, and had founded a settlement at a place which 
they called Salem. Penn sought and obtained a charter 
for the territory between New Jersey and Maryland, in 
1681, to which the King gave the name of Pennsylvania. 
The land was given in payment of a debt which the King 
owed to Penn's father. 

10. Penn sent a deputy to organize civil government on 
his domain. Emigrants followed ; and when Penn came 




WILLIAM PENN. 



Questions —7. How came New Jersey to be so named ? What can you tell about 
the government ? 8. What can you tell about William Penn and the Friends or Qua- 
kers ? 9. Give an account of the Friends in New Jersey and the charter given to 
Penn. 10. What did Penn do ? Give an account of his coming to America and what 
was done. 

1 kar'-te-ret. 




^() SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 

Delaware Purchased by Penn. Penn founds Philadelphia. 

over the next year, and landed at Newcastle, he was met by 
a thousand settlers. He had purchased Delaivare from 
the Duke of York, and, in the presence of the settlers, a 
formal surrender of the domain was made to Penn. 

1 1, Penn made a wise and just treaty with the In- 
dians, which remained inviolate so long as any of his 
family were proprietors of the prov- 
ince. He met the first repre- 
sentative assembly at Chester, 
and gave them a new and liberal 
charter ; and between the Delaware 
and Schuylkill he laid out a city, the assembly house at ches- 
which he named Philadelphia ] — TEK ' 

City of Brotherly Love. Thus were laid the foundations of 
the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 

12. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The Swedish settlement on the Delaware ; (2) the 
movements of the Dutch in relation to them; (3) the 
first settlements in New Jersey and the claims and acts 
of the Duke of York and of the subsequent proprietor of 
New Jersey ; (4) William Penn, his charter for Penn- 
sylvania and his doings there ; (5) his treaty with the 
Dxdians, his meeting the first representative assembly 
and his founding of Philadelphia. 

Questions.— 11. Give an account of Penn's treaty with the Indians, meetiDg the 
Assembly and laying out a city. 12. What have we considered in this section V 

1 ftl-a-del'-fta. 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. It 

Settlements in North Carolina. Two Colonies f maided there. 

SECTION V. 

SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN THE CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA. 

1. We have noticed the unsuccessful attempts to make 
settlements on the coasts of North and South Carolina. 
The first persons who settled and remained in North Caro- 
lina went from Jamestozvn, between the years 1640 and 
1650. They lived happily without any government for 
awhile. 

2. Others followed these earlier emigrants, and in 1663, 
William Drummond, a Presbyterian preacher, was made 
their governor. The King had given the country to eight of 
his friends. One of these was the Duke of Albemarle, 1 
and DrummoncVs province was called the Albemarle 
County Colony. In honor of the King {Charles, Latin 
Carolus), the country was named Carolina. 

3. In 1665, some emigrants came from Barbadoes 2 with 
Sir John Yeamans, and made a settlement on the Cape 
Fear River, near Wilmington. A government was organ- 
ized, with Yeamans as governor. In honor of Lord Clar- 
endon, another of the proprietors, it was called the Claren- 
don County Colony. 

4. These two colonies were within the limits of North 
Carolina. In 1668, a popular legislative assembly 
was convened at Edenton, in Albemarle County Colony, 
and then were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of 
North Carolina. 

Questions.— 1. What can you tell about settlers in North Carolina? 2. Give an 
account of permanent settlers there, with a governor. 3. Give an account of a set- 
tlement on the Cape Fear River. 4. What can you tell about government in North 
Carolina ? 

1 ahV -he-marl. - bar-ba'-doze. 



V2 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 



South Carolina Mettled. 



5. Two years later (1670) some emigrants under William 
Sayle and Joseph West attempted to make a settlement on 
Beaufort 1 Island. They soon left that spot, sailed into 
the harbor of Charleston, and settled on the Ashley River, 
a few miles from its mouth. There they were joined by Sir 
John Teamans, who brought fifty families from Barba- 
cloes and two hundred negro slaves. 




SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 



6. Teamans was appointed governor of the settlers on the 
Ashley, and in honor of another proprietor, that settlement 
was called the Carteret 2 County Colony. That was in 
1672. 



Questions.— 5. Give an account of settlements in South Carolina and the introduc- 
tion of negro slaves. 6. What can you tell ahout the settlement on the Ashley River ? 



b(/-furt. 2 kar'-te-ret. 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS 



73 



Charleston Founded. 



'Propositions for Settling Georgia. 



7. Eight years later (1680) Charleston was founded at 
the junction of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Emigrants 
came and settlements spread. Representative govern- 
ment was established in 
1682, and thus the com- 
monwealth of South 
Carolina was founded. 

8. The cruel laws of 
England, which caused 
many worthy people to 
be imprisoned for 
debt, caused General 
Edward Oglethorpe? a 




CHARLESTON IN 1680. ' 



James 

member of parliament, to assist in 
devising a scheme for their relief. 
He proposed to release all such prison- 
ers on the condition that they should 
immediately emigrate to America. 
9. A law to that effect was 
passed. The King granted a char- 
ter in 1732 for the founding of a 
colony in the country south of the 
Savannah River. A company 
was formed to act as trustees for twenty years. 




JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE. 



Late in the 



Questions.— 7. Give an account of the founding of Charleston and the spread of 
settlements. 8. What state of things in England caused Oglethorpe to propose emi- 
gration to America ? What was his proposition ? 9. What was done in the matter 
of emigration to Georgia ? 

1 The ahove engraving illustrates the manner of fortifying towns, as a defence 
against foes. It exhibits the walls of Charleston in 1680. and the location of churches, 
in 1704. The points marked a, a, a, etc., are bastions for cannons. P, English 
church ; Q, French church ; R, Independent church ; S, Anabaptist church ; and T, 
Quaker meeting-house. 

9 o-gH-thorp'. 



V4 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 

First Settlers in Georgia. Founding of the State of Georgia. 

autumn of 1732, one hundred and twenty emigrants — re- 
leased prisoners for debt — sailed for the Savannah River, 
with Oglethorpe as their governor. 

10. At the middle of February, 1733, Oglethorpe and 
his followers were on Yamacraw Bluff, the site of the city 
of Savannah. There they had a friendly interview with 
To-mo-chi-chi, 1 the great chief of the Creek confederacy, 
who showed warm friendliness, and presented Oglethorpe 
with a buffalo skin, on which was the figure of an eagle. 

11. On that spot Oglethorpe built a fort and laid the 
foundations of the capital of the future State, which he 
called Georgia, in compliment to the reigning Kiug, 
George the Second. Then and there the commonwealth of 
Georgia was founded. 

12. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The beginning of settlements in the Carolinas ; 

(2) the causes which led to the settlement of Georgia ; and 

(3) the chief incidents of that settlement. 

13. In the chapter here ended we have considered the 
subject of the settlers and settlements, as the beginning of 
the colonies of New England, New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, the 
Carolinas and Georgia. We will now consider the his- 
tory of these colonies, until the period of the French 
and Indian War, when they assumed the form of a 
national league. 

Questions.— 10. Give an account of the emigration to Georgia. 11. What can yon 
tell about the founding of Savannah and the name of the State ? 12. What have we 
considered in this section ? 13. What have we considered in the chapter here ended, 
and what shall we now consider ? 

1 to-mo-chi'-chl. 



SETTLERS ANB SETTLEMENTS. ^5 



Outline of Important Events. 



OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1606 TO 1733. 

160G, Plymouth and London Companies chartered. 

1607. English emigrants land in Virginia, Captain Smith saves them 
from starvation. Smith saved by Pocahontas. 

1GOS. Newport arrives at Jamestown with more emigrants. Smith ex- 
plores Chesapeake Bay and its neighborhood. First English 
women seen in Virginia. 

1609, London Company obtain a new charter. Many emigrants go to 

Virginia. 

1610, Fatal sickness at Jamestown. Arrival of Governor Delaware. 

1611, Better emigrants come to Virginia. 

1611. Another charter given to the London Company. 

1612. Pocahontas kidnapped. She marries John Rolfe. 

1613. Block's ship burned at Manhattan. 

1614. Block discovers the Connecticut River and other places on the 

New England coast. Holland charters a company to trade on 
the Hudson River. Captain Smith explores the New England 
coasts. 

1620. English Puritans in Holland emigrate to America. They land 

on the shore of Massachusetts. Plymouth Company receives 
a new name and a new charter. 

1621. Dutch West India Company chartered. They buy Manhattan 

island and establish the province of New Netherland. Plym- 
outh Colony founded. 

1622. Part of New England granted to Mason and Gorges. First set- 

tlement made in New Jersey. 

1623. First settlement of families in New Netherland. First settlement 

on the Delaware, in New Jersey. 
1629. Exeter, N. H., founded. New Hampshire granted to Mason 

1631. Portsmouth, N. H., founded. Clayborne appears in Maryland. 

1632. Charter for Maryland given to Lord Baltimore. First English 

settlers appear in the Valley of the Connecticut. 

1634. Maryland settled. 

1635. First legislature of Maryland meet at St. Marys. Second party of 

English emigrants in the Valley of the Connecticut. 

1636. Third English emigrants to the Connecticut Valley. Roger Will- 

iams banished from Massachusetts, and founds Providence, R. I. 

1637. War with the Pequods. 

1638. Settlement at New Haven. First settlement on Rhode Island, 

Swedish colony settle on the Delaware. 



^6 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 

Outline of Important Events. 



1639. Newport founded. Representative government established in 

the Connecticut Valley and in Maryland. 

1640, 1G5U. Settlements made in Upper North Carolina. 
IG41. New Hampshire annexed to Massachusetts. 
I644. Royal charter for Rhode Island issued. 

1655. Swedes on the Delaware subdued by the Dutch. 

I664. New Netherland passes into the possession of the English. 
English families settle at Elizabeth, N. J. 

16G5. Territory of New Jersey granted to Lord Berkeley'and Sir George 
Carteret. Emigrants from Barbadoes settle near the Cape 
Fear River. 

1668. Representative government established in North Carolina. 

1670. Emigrants settle on the Ashley River, in South Carolina. Negro 
slaves there first introduced into South Carolina from Barba- 
does. 

1672. Carteret County Colony founded in South Carolina. 

1680. Charleston founded. 

1681. William Penn receives a charter for Pennsylvania. 

1682. Penn first visits America. He makes a treaty with the Indians. 

Meets the first legislative assembly of his province at Chester. 
Republican government established in South Carolina. 
1733. Georgia fouuded by Oglethorpe. 



THE COLONIES. 



Enc/lish Settlements and Colonies. 



11 



CHAPTER III. 

THE COLONIES 



SECTION I. 

THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA. 




SEAL OP VIRGINIA. 



1. In the same order of time, and name, that we have con- 
sidered the English settlements in America, out of 
which grew the colonies, we will now consider the history 
of those colonies. We will begin with Virginia. 

2, We have seen that a representative government was 
established in Virginia — the first in America — in the sum- 

Qtjestions.— 1, 2. What have we observed? and what was lacking in Virginia? 



78 THE COLONIES. 



Women and Slaves in Virginia. Murders by Indians. 

mer of 1619. But an important element in the structure of 
a state was wanting. There were no "white women in 
the colony. That want was soon supplied. 

3. In the year 1620, ninety young women, " pure and un- 
corrupt," were sent to Virginia to become wives for the 
planters or farmers there. The family relation and homes 
were thus established, and so the more solid foundations of a 
state were laid. 

4. A year earlier a Dutch trader took twenty captives 
from Africa to Jamestown, and sold them for slaves. 
So negro slavery was first introduced into the United 
States. 

5. Emigrants now flocked to Virginia. New settlements 
were formed. In 1621 Sir Francis Wyatt was appointed 
governor, and brought with him a written charter which 
gave the people the privilege of electing the members of the 
legislative assembly. He established regular courts of 
justice like those in England. 

6. Trouble now fell upon the colonists. Powhatan was 
dead, and his brother, an enemy of the English, ruled the 
Indian empire. He planned the destruction of the 
English in Virginia. In April, 1622, his warriors fell 
upon the people of eighty plantations out of Jamestown. 

7. Seventy-two of the plantations were desolated. Three 
hundred and fifty men, women, and children were mur- 
dered. The surviving Englishmen struck the Indians 
such a terrible blow in return that the dusky nation was 
almost destroyed. 

Questions.— 3. What can you tell about women and homes in Virginia ? 4. When 
and how were negro slaves first introduced into the United States '? 5. What can 
you tell about emigration to, and a new government in, Virginia? 6. What trouble 
befell the colony ? 7. Give an account of the massacre by the Indians. 



THE COLONIES. 79 



Sufferings in Virginia. Virginia a ftqyal Province. 



8. Sickness followed the massacre, and of the four thou- 
sand settlers who were in Virginia in the spring, by mid- 
summer not more than twenty-five hundred remained 
alive. 

9. In 1624, King James took Virginia from the Lon- 
don Company, and it became a royal province. The 
governor and twelve councillors were appointed by the 
crown ; the members of the Assembly, or House of Burgesses, 
were chosen by the people. 

10. As a rule, the people prospered under the royal gov- 
ernors. They lived well, and exported products of their 
soil. Tobacco became an important article of commerce, 
and a sort of currency for the colony, being rated at about 
seventy-five cents a pound. 

11. After several changes in the governorship of Vir- 
ginia, Sir William Berkeley 1 was appointed chief magis- 
trate in 1641. He ruled the colony with wisdom, and held 
the people of Virginia loyal to the crown during the civil 
war in England. That war began in 1642, and ended in 
1649, when the Republicans cut off the head of King 
Charles and made Oliver Cromwell ruler. 

12. In 1644, the Indians again fell upon the English 
and murdered about three hundred of them. The savages 
were so terribly smitten in return by the English that they 
never again gave the colonists any trouble. 

13. During Cromwell's rule, the Virginians remained 

Questions.— 8. What other misfortune fell upon the colony? 9. What can you 
tell about a change in the government of Virginia? 10. What can you tell about the 
life and industry of the people? 11. Who became governor of Virginia, and what 
did he do ? What was a result of a civil war in England ? 12. Tell about another 
massacre by the Indians. 13. How did the Virginians show their loyalty to the 
monarch ? 

1 tyurk'-ly. 



80 THE COLONIES. 



Civil War in Virginia. Revolution in England. 

the firm friends of the dead King's family. They invited 
his son, Charles, to come to Virginia and reign there as 
King. He was placed on the throne of his father in 1660. 

14. There were now many republicans in Virginia, for 
the new monarch became the oppressor of the colonists. 
These republicans opposed Governor Berkeley, for he was a 
proud royalist, and had become exacting and persecuting in 
matters of church and state. Disputes ran high, and led to 
civil war in 1676, in which the Republicans were led by 
Nathaniel Bacon. 

15. Berkeley proclaimed Bacon to be a traitor. The 
majority of the people took sides with the " rebel.' ' He 
drove the governor from Jamestown. 

When informed that royal troops 
were coming against him, he laid 
Jamestown in ashes. Everything 
was destroyed but the old church 
tower, which yet remains. 

16. Bacon died soon afterward, 
and the war, known as "Bacon's 
Rebellion," ceased. At length 
King James the Second, who succeeded his brother, King 
Charles the Second, was driven from the throne, and in 
1689 his son-in-law, William of Orange, with Mary, his 
daughter, became joint monarchs of England. 

17. After that England had better rulers. Virginia 
and all the other colonies prospered wonderfully, until they 
joined in a common struggle for independence, in 1775. 

Questions.— 14. What can you tell about the governor and the cause of civil war 
in Virginia ? 15. What did Berkeley and Bacon do? 16. How did the civil war end ? 
what was it called? and what occurred in England? 17. What can you tell about 
the condition of England and the colonies after that ? 




CHURCH TOWER. 



THE COLONIES. 



81 



Indians at Plymouth. 



18. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The state of society in Virginia and its improve- 
ment; (2) the introduction of negro slavery into that 
colony ; (3) a change in the government ; (4) the sufferings 
of the colonists ; (5) the effects of the civil war in England ; 
(Q) the loyalty of the Virginians, and (7) " Bacon's Re- 
bellion." 



SECTION II. 

THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 




SEAL OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

1. In the spring of 1621 Indians prowled around the 
settlement at Plymouth. One of them went among the 
huts, and in broken words said : " Welcome Englishmen ! " 

Questions.— 18. What have we considered in this section ? 
Questions.— 1. What can you tell about Indians at Plymouth ? 



82 



THE COLONIES. 



Treaty with Indians. 



Vicious Emigrants. 



He was Squanto, who had been carried to England a cap- 
tive, and had returned. 

2. Squanto was the herald of Massasoit, 1 sachem of the 
Wampanoags. The latter came in stately pomp, with sixty 
warriors, to confer with Governor Carver. He tarried on a 
hill ; and, when invited, he went into the village and made 
a treaty of friendship with the English, which was kept 
inviolate fifty years. 

3. The colony, reduced by deaths, was reinforced by 
many new coiners from England the following summer. 
The protection of Massasoit' s friendship gave them peace. 
Prosperity and happiness followed industry and thrift, until 
society was disturbed by the arrival of some emigrants who 
had been sent by a discontented member of the Company to 
plant a new settlement. 

4. Many of the new-comers were idle and vicious, and 
offended the Indians by their bad conduct. Fearing the 
savages, they called on Captain Miles Standisli to protect 
them. After seeing several of the In- 
dians slain by this fiery soldier, these 
worthless settlers returned to England. 

5. The partnership between the "Pil- 
grims " and the London merchants was 
dissolved at the end of seven years, when 
the former became sole owners of the 
soil. Greater prosperity was the conse- 
quence of the change. Their democratic government con- 




FIKST COLONY SEAL, 



Questions.— 2. What did Squanto do? Give an account of an interview with Mas- 
sasoit. 3. What can you tell about new emigrants, and the result of Masj-asoitV 
friendship? 1. Give an account of new comers and their conduct. 5. What can you 
tell about a change in ownership and in the government of Plymouth ? 

1 mas-sa-saw'-U. 



THE COLONIES. 83 



Settlements in Massachusetts. Union of 'Plymouth and Massachusetts. 

tinued in force until 1634, when a representative system 
was established, and a colonial seal was adopted. 

6. The prosperity at Plymouth caused leading Puritans 
in England to formal association under the name of the 
Massachusetts Bay Company, to colonize other por- 
tions of New England. They purchased lands and sent 
out emigrants in 1628, with John Enclicot as governor, who 
settled at Salem and built cabins at Charlestown. 

7. The charter of the company was transferred to the 
colony in 1629, which gave the people self -government. The 
next year, three hundred more families came to Salem, and 
some of these settled on the peninsula where Boston now 
stands. 

8. These settlements were soon 
united, with John Winthrop as 
governor. The foundations of the 
city of Boston were laid where this 
magistrate's cottage was built. 
9. The Plymouth and Mas- 
^ f ™f|pm i |%^ sachusetts Bay colonies existed 
separately until 1692, when they 
were united by royal decree. From 

JOHN WINTHROP. . t . , • . •, , -, i -, o 

that time until the old war for 
independence, the whole domain was known as Massa- 
chusetts Bay. 

10. Winthrop was a wise man and ruled well. He made 
friends with the Indians. He held friendly intercourse with 



Questions.— 6. Give an account of a new settlement by Puritans. 7. What can 
you tell about their charter and a settlement on the site of Boston? 8. Tell about 
the unity of settlements and the founding of Boston. 9. What can you tell about the 
formation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ? 10. What can you tell about Governor 
Winthrop and the prosperity of the colony ? 




84 THE COLONIES. 



Theological Disputes. Soger Williams and olnne Hutchinson Sanished. 

the Dutch on Manhattan ; and ships came from Virginia 
to trade with the people of Boston and Salem. In this 
way the Coast Trade of this country was begun. 

11. The colony prospered wonderfully. It comprised 
twenty settlements in 1636, when it was greatly agitated by 
theological disputes. Its government was carried on 
by a governor, deputy-governor, and magistrates called 
"assistants," who, with the members of the legislature, 
were all elected by the " freemen," who were church mem- 
bers. 

, 12. The Puritans of Massachusetts, having escaped 
from the persecutions of Churchmen, regarded them as 
deadly foes, and kept them at a distance. Desiring to enjoy, 
without molestation, their peculiar religious doctrines and 
forms of worship, they could not tolerate any non-conform- 
ity, and so in turn became persecutors. 

13. In 1635 the authorities of Massachusetts decreed 
the banishment of Roger Williams, a Puritan preacher, 
because he upheld the rights of conscience against the 
authority of magistrates, and advocated toleration in 
matters of religion. He went to Narraganset Bay 
and founded the colony of Rhode Island. 

14. For a similar offence they first imprisoned and then 
banished an accomplished woman named Anne Hutchin- 
son, with her family. She finally perished in the wilderness, 
at the hands of the Indians, near New York. 

15. The civil war in England left the colonists free to 
act. Those of New England, excepting Rhode Island, 

Questions.— 11. Tell about the growth of the colony and its government. 12. 
How did the Puritans regard churchmen, and what did they do? 13. Give an account 
of the banishment of Roger Williams. 14. Give an account of Anne Hutchinson. 
15. What did some New England colonies do ? 



THE COLONIES. 85 



New England Confed eracy. Commerce and Coinage in Massachusetts. 

formed a political confederacy in 1643, to oppose royal 
encroachments and hostile Indians. 

16. At that time there were fifty villages and twenty 
thousand whites in New England. The Confederation 
promised good results. Each colony was represented in a 
Congress which had general supervision of the affairs of 
the Union. 

17. The league then formed lasted more than forty 
years, when mutual jealousies caused it to be dissolved. It 
was the first important step toward the formation of a 
national confederacy in America. 

18. Unlike the people of Virginia, those of Mas- 
sachusetts took sides against the King during the Civil 
War. While Cromwell ruled they prospered wonderfully, 
and had almost absolute freedom. They built ships and 
traded with the Spanish colonies in the West Indies. 
Thus they began the foreign commerce of the United 
States. 

19. The Massachusetts colonists also coined silver 

money. They issued six- 
^t^T^^N P ences an( ^ shillings, on 
f^fTT>^\ which was the figure of 
191^717 ff SfeJ a pine-tree. These were 
first issued in 1652. This 
was the first coinage in 
the United States. 

SO. The same year (1652) 
the jurisdiction of Massachusetts was extended over the 

Questions— 1(3. What can you tell about the population of New England and a 
Confederation? 17. What more can you tell about the Confederation 'i 18. What 
can you tell about the politics, independence, and enterprise of the New England 
colonies ? 19. Tell about the coinage of money in Massachusetts. 





F1KST MONEY COINED IN THE UNITED STATES. 



86 THE COLONIES. 



Friends or Quakers in Boston. ^Political Troubles in Massachusetts. 

territory of Maine. But while the Puritans were looking 
for a further extension of their domain, events occurred 
which produced lamentable scenes in Boston. 

2 1 . Two women of the sect called Friends, or Quakers, 
came to Boston in 1656. The authorities there had heard 
of the denunciations of magistrates by Friends in England, 
and they put these women in jail to stop their mouths. 

22. Other Friends came. They were not, generally, true 
representatives of their sect. They were fanatics, and 
real disturbers of good order. They were driven away ; and, 
finally, others who came, and seemed to court martyrdom, 
were imprisoned, whipped, and banished. They were threat- 
ened with death if they should return. Some did return and 
were hanged. 

23. When persecution of these people ceased, the Friends 
were no longer disturbers of the peace. But another trouble 
came upon the people of Massachusetts. When Charles 
the Second came to the throne in 1660, he determined to 
punish the New Englanders for their friendship for Crom- 
well and Republicanism. He ordered them to pay taxes to 
the government in the shape of a certain amount of money 
for everything that was received from England in ships. 

24. This act was in violation of their charter. The 
Massachusetts merchants refused to pay the tax, and 
the people upheld them in it. The King recalled his tax- 
gatherers ; and Massachusetts was ever afterward the 
leader in the march toward final independence. 



Questions— 20. What can you tell about the extension of the jurisdiction of Mas- 
sachusetts ? 21. Give an account of Friends, or Quakers, in Boston. 22. What have 
you to tell about the character and treatment of the Friends in Boston ? 28. What 
more have you to say about the Friends? What new trouble disturbed the people of 
Massachusetts ? 24. What did the people do, and what was the result t 



THE COLONIES. 



87 



Kin ft 'Philij) and his Acts. 



JVeff JZng landers in 'I'eril. 



25. A worse trouble now fell upon New England. Old 
Massasoit was dead. His brave son, Metacomet, 1 known 
as King Philip, did not respect the treaty made with the 
white people by his father. He suspected that they intended 
to seize all the lands of the Indians, and he determined to 
destroy them. 

26. King Philip laid his plans secretly, and on Sunday, 
the 4th of July, 1675, he and his 
followers attacked the inhabi- 
tants of the village of Swanzey, 
thirty-five miles from Plymouth, 
when they were returning from 
public worship. Many were killed 
or made captives. Thus was begun 
the conflict known in history as 

king Philip's war. 
27. The white people of New 
England flew to arms, and Philip was closely pursued. 
Other tribes joined the Wampanoags, and death and 
desolation were spread over the 
settlements, even to the Connecti- 
cut Valley. 

28. For several months the 
work of the savages was fearful. 
The white people palisaded their 
houses ; but, for awhile, it seemed 
as if the English would all be destroyed. In December, 




KING PHILIP. 




PALISADED BUILDING. 



Questions.— 25. Give an account of the origin of trouble with the Indians. 26. 
What can you tell of King Philip and his attack on the white people ? 27. What did 
the white people and the Indians then do ? 2S, What was done during several 
months in New England ? 

1 met-a-kom'-et. 



88 



THE COLONIES. 



King Philip's Hefuge in jRhode Island. 



Philip's career was checked, and he took refuge with the 
JfarragansetSy who violated their treaties by giving him 
shelter. 

29. In a swamp in Rhode Island the Indians had gath- 
ered their winter provisions. There, too, the Narragansets, 



Ah K S i S K C W V>-1\ 




with PJiilip and his followers, took refuge from the white 
people. There were about three thousand Indian warriors 
there, with women and children. 



Questions.— 29. Give an account of the Indians and their stores in a swamp. 



90 THE COLONIES. 



Destruction of Indians. TJeath of ^/litip. slndros in A'ew England. 

30. Fifteen hundred New Englanclers surrounded the 
swamp, and at the close of December, 1675, they destroyed 
by fire five hundred wigwams with provisions, and 
killed a thousand warriors. Hundreds of men, women, 
and children perished in the flames. 

31. Philip escaped. He gathered new allies, and opened 
war vigorously in the spring of 1676. It spread over a space 
of three hundred miles along the coasts of New Eng- 
land. The white people fought the savages with equal 
vigor, killing many, and chasing Philip from one hiding- 
place to another. 

32. At length Philip's family were made prisoners. He 
was shot in a swamp, and his head was cut off and carried 
into Plymouth on a pole. His body was quartered, and his 
little son was sold for a slave in Bermuda. So per- 
ished the last prince of the Wampanoags, 1 and the war 
was ended. 

33. King Charles the Second, observing the power and 
independence of the New England people, determined to 
take away their charters and rule them himself. He died 
before he effected his purpose. His brother, James the 
Second, who succeeded him, attempted the same thing. He 
sent Edmund Andros, in 1686, to take away their charters 
and govern all New England. The people were about to 
send Andros back, when news came that James had been 
driven from the throne of England (1688) and had 
fled to France. 

Questions.— 30. What can you tell about an attack on the Indians in the swamp ? 
31. What did Philip and the white people then do? 32. Give an account of the fate 
of Philip and his family. 33. What did King Charles attempt to do ? What did his 
successor do, and what occurred in England ? 

1 ivam-pa-ncy-ags. 



THE COLONIES. 91 



King )t 'illiam's "War. Indian Foray. Expedition against Canada. 

34. William, a Hollander, and his wife Mary, now 
(1689) sat on the throne of England. The King of France 
favored James, and the French and English made war 
upon each other. That war spread to the French and 
English colonies in America, and is known in history as 



35. During this conflict, which began in 1689, the New 
Englanclers suffered dreadfully. The French had gained 
great influence over the Indians in Canada and in the 
East, and these savages joined them. Several New Eng- 
land villages were burned and the inhabitants were mur- 
dered. 

36. In February, 1690, French and Indians went down 
from the St. Lawrence, and at midnight set fire to Sche- 
nectady, near Albany, in New York, and murdered many 
of the inhabitants. The people of New York joined those 
of New England in making war upon Canada, the home 
of these enemies. 

37. A land force was sent by way of Lake Champlain to 
attack Montreal, and a naval force was sent up the St. 
Lawrence to capture Quebec. 1 Both expeditions failed. The 
war continued, and the New Englanders suffered much 
until it ended in 1697, by a treaty at Byswick. 

38. Meanwhile there was another change in the govern- 



Qtjestions.— 34. Who succeeded King James ? What caused " King William's 
War"? 35. What can you tell ahout the sufferings of New Englanders, and the 
French and Indian allies ? 36. Tell about the destruction of Schenectady. What did 
New Yorkers and New Englanders do? 37. Give an account of expeditions against 
Canada. 38. What can you tell about changes in New England and the creation of a 
royal province ? 

1 ke-bek'. 



92 THE COLONIES. 



Witchcraft Detusion in Massachusetts. Queen slnne's War. 

merit of New England. Massachusetts and Plymouth 
and the Eastern settlements were united under one govern- 
ment. A new charter was given in 1692, and the domain 
was made a royal province, under the name of Massa- 
chusetts Bay Colony. 

39. A strange thing occurred in Massachusetts in 1692. 
There was a general belief in witches and witchcraft. At 
Salem, two young girls twitched and acted strangely. An 
old Indian servant woman was accused of bewitching them. 
Yery soon all sorts of people acted as strangely, and many 
respectable persons — even the wife of Governor Phipps — 
were suspected of practising witchcraft. 

40. The delusion spread, and lasted many months. Many 
persons, some of great respectability, were punished as 
wizards and witches. The jails were filled with the 
accused, and twenty suspected persons were hanged. The 
delusion ended as suddenly as it began, and the accusers 
were overwhelmed with shame. 

41. The exiled King James died in 1701, and the French 
monarch acknowledged James' son to be the rightful sov- 
ereign of England. William and Mary were both dead, 
and Mary's sister Anne was on the throne. England 
declared war against France. The conflict that ensued is 
known in American history as 

QUEEN AME'S WAK. 

42. As before, the English and French colonies in 
America were involved in the war. The white people of 

Questions.— 39. Give an account of a delusion concerning witchcraft in Massachu- 
setts. 40. What further can you tell ahout the delusion ? 41. What caused war be- 
tween England and France J Who then ruled England ? 42. What have you to say 
about the effects of " Queen Anne's War " ? 




WILLIAMS S HOUSE. 



THE COLONIES. 03 

Position of the Five Nations. /?.r/>er/itio}t against Canada. 

New England again suffered much from Indian cruelties. 

The frontiers were desolated by fire, and 

blood flowed in almost every valley. 

Among the victims at Deer field was 

the Rev. John Williams, though his 

house escaped the flames. 

43. A powerful confederation of In- 
dians in the province of New York, 

known as the Five Nations, agreed not to fight for either 
party. This was a great blessing to the white people, for 
these nations stood as a wall between them and the fierce 
savages of Canada. 

44. Some of the New England colonies united in fitting 
out a fleet and army to chastise the French in Nova Scotia 
or Acadia. Little was done until 1710, when an expedition 
from Boston, assisted by a fleet from England, captured 
Port Royal, in Acadia. 

45. In August, 1711, seven thousand troops and a power- 
ful English fleet, under Sir Hovenden Walker, sailed for 
Quebec. At the mouth of the St. Lawrence, eight of the 
ships were wrecked on the rocks, and a thousand men 
perished. The remainder returned. A land force of four 
thousand men, on their way toward Montreal, hearing of 
this disaster, returned to Albany. 

46. The expedition against Canada was abandoned. In 
the spring of 1713, peace was secured by a treaty at 
Utrecht. The Eastern Indians sent chiefs to Boston 
to treat for peace the same year. For thirty years after- 

Questions.— 43. What can you tell about Indians in New York? 44. Give an ac- 
count of expeditions fitted out against Nova Scotia. 45. Tell about an army and 
navy sent to capture Quebec. Also of a force sent toward Montreal. 46. What was 
done ? What can you tell about treaties of peace and their result ? 



04 THE COLONIES. 



Causes of <{ King George's War." Capture of Louisburg. 

ward the New England colonies enjoyed quiet, and pros- 
pered. 

47. England and France quarrelled again in 1744, and 
commenced war. The English and French colonists were 
involved in the contest. George the Second was then 
monarch of England, and the conflict is known in Ameri- 
can history as 



48. Eastward of Nova Scotia is a large island called 
Cape Breton. 1 On that island the French had a town 
named Louisburg, and there they built a strong fort. This 
gave them great strength in that region, and the people of 
New England and New York determined to capture the 
fort. 

49. In April, 1745, a provincial army sailed from Boston 
for Cape Breton. They were joined by English ships and 
troops under Admiral Warren, which came from the West 
Indies, and in May the land forces, four thousand in num- 
ber, landed near Louisburg. The French garrison, alarmed 
by such a force, made but little resistance. The fort and 
town were surrendered to the English after a siege 
of only a month. 

50. The following year (1746) the Duke D'AnviUe* was 
sent from France to recapture Louisburg and its fort. He 



Qttestions.-47. What can you tell about the beginning of King George's War? 
48. Give an account of Cape Breton and a French town and fort there. 49. What can 
you tell about the capture of Louisburg by the English ? 50. Tell about an attempt 
of the French to recapture Louisburg. 

1 bre'-ton. - dan'-vill 



THE COL OXTER. 



05 



D'slnville'g Expedition to recover Louisbnrg. 



had a powerful fleet and a large 
army. Terrible storms wrecked many 
of his vessels, and disease swept 
away many of his sol- 
diers and sailors, 
D'Anville, disheart- 
ened, returned tc 
France. 

51. A trea- 
ty of peace, 
made at Aix- 
la- Chapette 1 
in 1748, ended 




CAPTURE OP LOUISBURG IN 1745. 



the war. There 
was peace for a 

few years. Then mutual animosities growing out of these 
conflicts, and disputes concerning territorial boundaries, 
caused another long conflict between the three races. It is 
known in American history as the French and Indian 
War. 
52, In this section we have considered — 
(1) The friendship of Massasoit and his people ; (2) the 
coming of new emigrants to Massachusetts and their 
character ; (3) the changes in the ownership and govern- 
ment of Massachusetts; (4) the founding of Massa- 
chusetts Bay Colony ; (5) the government, and the result 
of theological disputes ; (6) the New England confed- 
eracy ;> (7) the politics of the Massachusetts people; 

Questions.— 51. What can you tell about a treaty, and the causes which produced 
the French and Indian War ? 5fc. What have we considered in this section ? 



aks-lah-shap'-el. 



THE COLONIES. 



Purchase of Manhattan Island. 



Fort Amsterdam. 



(8) their coinage of money; (9) their treatment of the 
"Quakers" ; (10) their defiance of the King ; (11) King 
Philip's War ; and (12) King William's, Queen Anne's 
and King George's Wars. 



SECTION III. 



THE COLONY OF NEW YORK. 




SEAL OF NEW YORK. 



1. We have observed that the colony of New Nether- 
lands was established when families came from Holland and 
settled on Manhattan Island and elsewhere. That island 
was bought of the Indians for about twenty-five dollars, 
by Peter Minnit, who arrived there as governor in 1626. 

2. Governor Minnit built a stockade at the lower end of 
the island, and called it Fort Amsterdam. The village 



Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the purchase of Manhattan Island? 
2. What did Governor Minuit do ? 



THE COLONIES. 01 



Minuit and his Friends. 27/e 'Patroong. Governor Kieft. 

that grew up near it — the germ of the city of New York — 
he called New Amsterdam. By kindness, Minuit made 
friends of the Indians. He had a friendly correspondence 
with the Plymouth people ; and Butch traders trafficked 
with the Indians on the borders of Nai~ra$anset Bay. 

3. To encourage emigration to New Netherland, the 
Dutch West India Company offered large tracts of land 
and many privileges to persons who would lead or send a 
certain number of persons to settle upon them. Several 
Hollanders accepted the conditions, and each received the 
title of Patroon, or patron. 

4. Wouter Van Twiller, who came over to examine the 
country and select lands for Van Rensselaer, one of the 
Patroons, was appointed governor in 1633. He was a man 
of hasty temper, and involved the colony in trouble. He 
was followed by William Kieft 1 in 1638, who loved 
money, power, and strong drink. 

5. Kieft quarrelled with everybody, and made the Eng- 
lish, Swedes and Indians his bitter enemies. His conduct 
interfered with the prosperity of New Amsterdam, and the 
people raised a clamor against him because he made war upon 
neighboring Indians, and thereby lessened the fur trade. 

6. The governor was afraid of the people. In 1641 he 
called some of the wisest men of New Amsterdam to con- 
fer with him on public affairs. This was the germ of repre- 
sentative government in New Netherland. These 
counsellors opposed the governor's projects, and talked 

Questions.— 3. What was done to encourage emigration ? 4. What can you tell 
about Governors Van Twiller and Kieft ? 5. Give an account of Kieft's conduct. 
What did the people do ? 6. What can you tell about the beginning of representative 
government in New Netherland ? 

1 keeft. 



98 THE COLONIES. 



h art with the Indians. Departure of A'ieft. Governor Stuypesant. 

about the rights of the people. Alarmed by these indi- 
cations of democratic principles, he dissolved them early 
in 1642. 

7. At length Kieft involved the colony in a terrible war 
with the Indians, which, at one time, threatened its very 
existence. Some " River Indians," pursued by fierce Mo- 
hawks, took shelter at Hoboken, 1 opposite New Amster- 
dam. Kieft treacherously caused Dutch soldiers and some 
Mohawks 2 to cross the river on a cold winter night, to 
attack the sleeping fugitives. Before the dawn more than a 
hundred helpless men, women and children were murdered, 
or driven off the bank into the freezing waters. 

8. This atrocious act kindled the fierce anger of the In- 
dians all over the country. They killed every white person 
whom they saw, and burned buildings and crops. The 
savages were finally subdued. Kieft was recalled. On his 

way to Holland with much ill- 
gotten wealth, the ship in which 
he sailed was wrecked, and his life 
and property were lost. 

9. Peter Stuyvesant? a brave 
soldier, became governor of New 
Netherland in 1647. His kind- 
ness made friends of the Indians, 
and his justice won for him the re- 
peter stuytesant. spect of the English in the East 

and the Swedes in the West. He ruled with power, but 

wisely and faithfully. 

Questions.— 7. What injurious things did Kieft do ? 8. What were the effects of 
Kieft's had conduct ? What was his fate ? 9. What have you to say about Governor 
Stuy vesant ? 

1 Tw-bc/'Tcen. 2 mrf-hawks. 8 sti' -vesant. 




THE COLONIES. 90 



The Swedes in the "Delaware. ^Representative Government in JVew ) 'ork. 

10. As we have observed, the Dutch became jealous of 
the Swedes on the Delaware, who were clearly within the 
bounds of New Netherlands. Stuyvesant was directed to 
bring them into subjection to the authorities at Manhattan. 
In 1651 he built a fort on the site of Newcastle, in Dela- 
ware, which territory the Swedes claimed as their own. 

1 1 . The Swedes attacked the Dutch fort ; Stuyvesant 
went there with an armed force and soon made them 
acknowledge his government as their own. With this con- 
quest, the pacification of the Indians, and the settlement 
of a dispute with the English in Connecticut, Stuyvesant 
concluded that all causes for trouble were at an end. 

12. For awhile everything was serene. But the people, 
who had tasted the sweets of representative govern- 
ment in Kieft's time, now yearned for more liberty. 
Stuyvesant never sought their counsel. Finally, in 1663, 
deputies, chosen by the people of each village in New Neth- 
erland, assembled at New Amsterdam, without Stuyve- 
sant 's consent, to consult on public affairs. 

13. This representative assembly proposed certain 
laws. Stuyvesant scolded, and violently opposed them. 
They refused to be taxed without being consulted, 
and told the governor plainly that they would prefer to 
bear English rule for the sake of enjoying English lib- 
erty. 

14. It was not long before the Dutch in New Nether- 
land had an opportunity to bear English rule. King 
Charles, who claimed the whole territory as English do- 

Questions.— 10. Tell about the Swedes on the Delaware and Governor Stuyvesant. 
11. What did the Swedes and Dutch do ? What good results followed ? 12. What 
can you tell about another attempt to establish representative government ? 
13, What did a popular assembly and Governor Stuyvesant do ? 



100 THE COLONIES. 



JS 'en- JVetherland Surrendered to the English. Retaken by the Dutch. 

main, and regarded the Dutch as intruders, gave it to his 
brother James, the Duke of York, in May, 1664. The 
Duke sent a land and naval force to take it from the Dutch, 
and early in September following, Stuyvesant was compelled 
to surrender the fort and territory to the English. 






NEW YORK IN 1664. 

15. The name of the territory and the city of New Am- 
sterdamwere changed to New York, in compliment to the 
Duke. The Dutch found that there was more "rule" 
than "liberty " under the English. Taxes were greater 
and privileges were less. 

16. The English governor (Nicolls) said he would make 
the people think of nothing, except how to pay their taxes. 
They bore the burden impatiently about nine years, and 
when, in 1673, they were on the point of breaking out into 
open rebellion, a Dutch squadron appeared in New York 
harbor. 

17. The Dutch and English governments were then at 
war. This squadron was looked upon with favor by the 
Dutch inhabitants of New York; and the fort and city 
were surrendered to the commander of the Holland navy. 
By a treaty of peace the city and province were restored to 
the English in 1674. 



Questions.— 14. Give an account of the passage of New Netherland from the pos- 
session of the Dutch to the English. 15. What can you tell about a change in names ? 
16. What can you tell about English rule and a Dutch squadron ? 17. Tell about the 
Dutch and English at New York ? 



THE COLONIES. 101 



Political Chnnges in JVew York. Execution of Leisler and Milborne. 



1 8. Edmund Andros 1 was now made governor of Ne w 
York. He was succeeded by Thomas Dougan 2 in 1683, 
when the Duke of York gave the people a constitution 
called a Charter of Liberties, which established a repre- 
sentative government in New York. 

19. When Duke James became King in 1685, he with- 
drew the Charter of Liberties and refused to let the peo- 
ple make laws through representatives. They were on the 
point of rebellion when James was dethroned. 

20. For awhile there was no royal governor in New York. 
The people chose Jacob Leisler? a merchant and commander 
of militia, to govern the province until the new monarch 
should send them a ruler. Leisler managed well, but roy- 
alists were offended by this elevation of a republican. 
When Governor Sloughter 4 arrived they accused Leisler 
of treason, and urged the new magistrate to hang him . 

21. Sloughter saw no reason for so harsh a measure. 
One day, while he was dining with one of Leisler 's ene- 
mies, he became very drunk. In the absence of his reason 
he signed the death-warrant, and before he became sober 
Leisler and his son-in-law, Milbome, 5 were hanged. This 
was in 1691. 

22. The death of Leisler created two violently antago- 
nistic parties in the province of New York. Those who 
supported the royal governor were called Aristocrats, and 
those who favored the people were called Democrats. 
The latter regarded Leisler as a martyr. 

Questions.— 18. Who was appointed governor of New York ? What did the Duke 
of York do ? 19. What did the Duke do when he became King ? 20. Give an account 
of Leisler's operations in New York, and their effects. 21. Tell about Governor 
Sloughter and the death of Leisler and Milborne. 22. What were the effects of Leis- 
ler's death ? 

1 an'-dros. 2 dou'-gan. 3 lise'-ler. * slaw'-ter. 6 mil' -bom. 



102 THE COLONIES. 



Hqyal Governors in Check. Liberty of the 2>ress Vindicated. 

23. The Democrats, having the advantage of a represen- 
tative Assembly, held the royal governors in check. When, 
more than forty years after Leisler's death, one of them im- 
prisoned the editor of a democratic newspaper (J. P. Zenger)* 
because of his criticism on the public conduct of the gov- 
ernor, the liberty of the press was nobly vindicated by 
a court and jury, who acquitted him. 

24. So important was this vindication of the freedom 
of the press considered, that to Mr. Hamilton of Phila- 
delphia (who was employed as Zenger's counsel), the 
authorities of the city of New York presented the " free- 
dom of the city " in a gold box. 

25. From that time until the beginning of the French 
and Indian war, the history of New York is made up 
chiefly of the stories of the quarrels of political partisans. 

26. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The establishment of the colony of New Netherland; 
(2) the management of successive governors ; (3) the admin- 
istrations of Kieft and Stwyvesant ; (4) the attempts to 
establish representative government in New Netherland ; 
(5) the surrender of New Netherland to the English ; (6) 
affairs under English rule ; (7) the martyrdom of Leisler 
and Milborne, and (8) the vindication of the freedom of 
the press. 



Questions.— 23. What did the Democrats do ? What can you tell about the vindi- 
cation of the freedom of the press? 24. What honors were paid to Hamilton, of 
Philadelphia ? 25. Of what was the later history of the province of New York made 
up ? 26. What have we considered in this section ? 

r » zang'-er. 



THE COLONIES. 



103 



71 >')•}?/ of the Maryland Colony. 



JVature of its Government. 



SECTION IV. 



THE COLONY OF MARYLAND. 




SEAL OF MARYLAND. 



1. In 1635 a legislative Assembly of all the freemen in 
Maryland met at St. Malays and formed that colony. It 
began its vigorous growth when, in 1639, the more conve- 
nient form of representative government was estab- 
lished. 

2. The freemen chose as many representatives as they 
pleased, and so did the proprietor. These, with the governor 
and secretary, formed the government. At their first session 
they adopted a Declaration of Rights ; defined the 
powers of the governor, and guaranteed to the people the 
privileges of English subjects. 



Questions.— 1. At what time do you date the birth of Maryland, and the beginning 
Of its growth, and. why ? 2, What was the nature of the government ? 



104 THE COLONIES. 



Civil War in Maryland. Toleration Jict. Political Changes. 

3. William Claybome has been mentioned as a disturber 
of the peace. He claimed to have a better right to the soil 
of Maryland than Lord Baltimore. It is believed that 
he did much to excite the Indians against the white people, 
and to urge them to the hostilities which broke out in 1642. 
In 1645 he stirred up dissensions among the people, and 
kindled the flames of civil war. Claybome 's faction was 
defeated in 1646. 

4. In 1649 an important law called the Toleration Act 
was passed by the Assembly. It gave freedom of opinion 
and action to nearly all men in religious matters. It fostered 
democratic ideas, and when royalty was abolished in Eng- 
land the same year, a large portion of the people of Mary- 
land were republicans. 

5. The Toleration Act caused persecuted Protestants in 
other colonies to flock to Roman Catholic Maryland. In 
1654 the Protestants outnumbered the Roman Catholics. 
They bore rule in the Assembly, which changed the laws so 
as to deprive Roman Catholics of rights. This led to a 
civil war which lasted two years. 

6. The legislature took all power from Lord Baltimore 
early in 1660, and gave it to the people. There was con- 
fusion and great trouble in the province for several years. 
Later, in 1660, the restoration of monarchy in Eng- 
land caused the old order of things in Maryland to be 
restored. For almost thirty years afterward the colony was 
peaceful and prosperous. 

7. Charles Calvert became proprietor of Maryland, on 

Questions.— 3. Give an account of Clayborne's doings. 4. What can you tell about 
a generous law and its effects ? 5. How did the Toleration Act affect the growth of 
the province ? What did the Protestants do ? 6. What did the legislature do ? What 
have you to say about confusion and a restoration of order? 



THE COLONIES. 105 



Civil War again. Maryland a Royal Province, 

the death of his father, in 1684, as the fourth Lord Balti- 
more. In 1689, when news of the revolution in England 
which dethroned King James, reached Maryland, a tur- 
bulent man, named Coode, 1 stirred up the people to rebellion 
by false stories concerning the intentions of the governor, 
who was slow to acknowledge William and Mary as his 
sovereigns. King James was a Roman Catholic, and so 
was the governor. This fact gave ready belief to Coode's 
stories. 

8. The Protestants flew to arms. Led by Coode, they 
took possession of the public records, deposed Lord Balti- 
more as proprietor, and declared that the province belonged 
to the inhabitants of Maryland. 

9. In 1691, William and Mary made a royal prov- 
ince of Maryland. The Church of England was made 
the established church of the province. The proprietor's 
rights were restored in 1715, when Lord Baltimore was 
dead and his eldest son was an infant. The child's rights 
were protected, and he and his family owned the province 
and appointed governors to rule it until it became an inde- 
pendent State in 1776. 

10. The growth of Maryland was rapid after the Revolu- 
tion of 1688. Annapolis was made the capital in 1699. The 
province then contained 30,000 inhabitants. Tobacco was 
one of its staple productions, and much of the labor was 
done by negro slaves. The population of Maryland in 
1776 was 120,000. 

Questions —7. Who became the fourth Lord Baltimore, and when ? Give an 
account of a disturbance caused by Coode. 8. What did the Protestants do ? 9, 
What did William and Mary do? What can you tell about the proprietor's rights, 
and the fifth Lord Baltimore ? 10. What can you tell of the progress of Maryland ? 

1 kood. 



106 



THE COLOXIES. 



Foundations of the Connecticut Colony Zaid. 

11. We have considered in this section— 

(1) The birth of the colony of Maryland and the begin- 
ning of its permanent growth ; (2) the forms of its gov- 
ernment ; (3) the disturbances raised by Clayborne and 
Coode ; (4) the Toleration Act and its effects ; (5) the un- 
generous conduct of the Protestants ; (6) the changes in 
the proprietorship, and its general condition down to 
1776. 



SECTION V. 

THE COLONY OF CONNECTICUT. 




SEAL OP CONNECTICUT. 



1 . We have observed how the foundations of the colony 
of Connecticut were laid in 1639. The example of the set- 



Questions.— 11. What have we considered in this section ? 

Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the foundations of the Connecticut 
colony ? 



THE COLONIES. 107 



Connecticut and Aew Haven Colonies under one Charter. 



tiers in the Valley was followed, the same year, by those at 
New Haven. The government of each was similar, being 
founded upon a pattern taken from the Bible. 

2. Many of the New Haven settlers were merchants, and 
they tried to found a commercial colony. Disasters at sea 
caused them to abandon the project, and to become tillers of 
the soil. They and the settlers in the valley joined the New 
England Confederacy in 1643 ; and in 1650 all disputes 
between Connecticut and New Netherlands, concerning 
territorial claims, were settled. 

3. On the restoration of monarchy in England in 
1660, Winthrop, governor of Connecticut, made applica- 
tion to Charles the Second for a charter for the Valley set- 
tlers. The King had been informed of their republicanism, 
and refused. Winthrop gave to the monarch a ring which 
the King's father had given to WinthrojPs grandfather. 
The heart of the King was touched, and he granted a 
charter. 

4. That charter, given in May, 1662, included a portion 
of Rhode Island, and the whole of the New Haven col- 
ony, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. Rhode Island, 
which had a charter of its own, refused to be joined to Con- 
necticut, but the New Haven colony consented to the 
union in 1665, and so the real colony of Connecticut 
was formed. Rhode Island and Connecticut disputed 
about boundary lines for sixty years afterward. 

5. When, in 1674, Andros was made governor of New 



Questions.— 2. What were New Haven settlers inclined to do, and what did they 
do ? What disputes were settled ? 3. What can you tell ahout the procuring of a 
charter for Connecticut? 4. What did the charter include, and what did Rhode 
Island and New Haven do ? 5. What can you tell about Governor Andros and his 
claims ? 



108 



THE COLOXIES. 



sindrog demands the Connecticut Charter. 



York, he claimed jurisdiction over the valley of the Con- 
necticut, and went to the mouth of that river to assert it. 
He was driven away. Twelve years later, when he was gov- 




ANDROS AND THE CHARTER OF CONNECTICUT. 



ernor of all New England, he demanded the surrender 
of all the colonial charters. Connecticut, alone, re- 
fused to comply with his demand. 



THE COLONIES. 109 



sindros attempts to seize the Connecticut Charter. 

6. In the autumn of 1686 Andros went to Hartford with 
sixty armed men, to demand the charter of Connecticut in 
person. The Assembly was in session. They knew his 
errand, and treated him very civilly. He went into the 
Assembly chamber and told them to bring the charter to 
him. 

7. Debates in the Assembly were purposely kept up until 
the candles were lighted, when the box containing the charter 
was brought in and laid upon the table. Just as Andros 
stepped forward to take it, the lights were all put out, and 
the charter was carried away, 

8. A plan had been laid for the preservation of the char- 
ter, and was successfully carried out. Captain Wadsworth 
had seized the charter in the dark, carried it to a field, and 
hid it in the hollow of an old oak tree, where it remained 
until Andros was driven away from New England in 1689. 
Then it was brought out, and a 

new Assembly was held under 
it at Hartford. 

9. That venerable and venerated 
tree was ever afterward called the 
" Charter Oak." It was blown 
down in a gale in August, 1856. 

10. Four years after the res- 
toration of government under 
the charter, the people of Connect- 
icut again showed their bravery and love of freedom. Gov- 
ernor Fletcher of New York claimed the right to rule the 

Questions.— 6. Give an account of the visit of Andros to Hartford. 7. How was 
the charter kept from the hands of Andros ? 8. What plan had heen laid and how 
was it carried out ? 9. What was the fate of the Charter Oak ? 10. How were the 
people of Connecticut again tried ? What did Governor Fletcher claim and do ? 




THE CHARTER OAK. 



110 THE COLONIES. 



Governor Fletcher and the Connecticut Militia. 

Connecticut militia. The people refused to acknowledge 
his authority, and defied him. 

11. In 1693 Fletcher went to Hartford to enforce his 
authority. He called out the militia, who were commanded 
by the same Captain Wadsworth who hid the charter. The 
governor commenced reading to them a royal commission 
which gave him command of them. 

12. Wadsworth then ordered the drums to be beaten. 
" Silence ! " said the governor, angrily. The drummers 
stopped, and the governor began to read. "Play," said 
Wadsworth to the drummers. " Silence ! " again shouted 
the governor. Wadsworth then stepped in front of Fletch- 
er, and said, firmly : " Sir, if they are interrupted again, I'll 
make daylight shine through you in a moment ! " The 
frightened governor then put the paper into his pocket and 
returned to New York. 

13. From that time until the beginning of the French 
and Indian war, when her people numbered one hundred 
thousand, Connecticut went hand in hand with her sister 
colonies in promoting the growth of an independent Ameri- 
can nationality. 

14. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The foundations of the colony of Connecticut ; (2) 
the colonial charter, and the refusal of Rhode Island to 
be joined to Connecticut ; (3) the effoHs and failure of 
Governor Andros to get possession of the charter of Con- 
necticut, and (4) the efforts and failure of Governor 
Fletcher to get control of the Connecticut militia. 

Questions— 11 and 12. Give an account of Governor Fletcher's visit to Hartford. 
13. What have you to say about Connecticut from that time ? 14. What have we con- 
sidered in this section ? 



THE COLONIES. 



Ill 



Massachusetts Covets fihode Istand. 



SECTION VI. 

THE COLONY OF RHODE ISLAND. 




SEAL OP KHODE ISLAND. 



1. Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction over Rhode 
Island, notwithstanding Roger Williams had obtained a 
charter from the English government in 1644. 

2. Massachusetts denied the validity of that charter. 
Williams went to England again in 1652 to seek its con- 
firmation. It was first confirmed by the Parliament, and 
then by Cromwell in May, 1655. 

3. The question of jurisdiction was settled, but disputes 
concerning the boundary between the colonies were not 
adjusted until 1741, 

Questions.— 1. What can you tell about a claim of jurisdiction by Massachusetts? 
2. What have you to say about the confirmation of the Rhode Island charter '? 3. 
What about disputes concerning boundary ? 



112 THE COLONIES. 



Officers under the jRhode Island Charier. si New Constitution, 

4. In 1653 Roger Williams was chosen the first presi- 
dent of Rhode Island, and the colony prospered. Ten 
years afterward Charles the Second gave the colony a new 
charter, similar in character to that which he gave to Con- 
necticut. Benedict Arnold was the first governor chosen 
under this royal charter. 

5. Andros took the royal charter from Rhode Island in 
1687. When he was driven from New England two years 
afterward, the people resumed their independent gov- 
ernment. The seal of the colony bore the figure of an 
anchor, and the motto was Hope. 

6. Under that charter Rhode Island continued to be 
governed until 1842, when the people adopted a constitu- 
tion. From King William's war until the Revolution in 
1775, Rhode Island showed active sympathy with its sister 
colonies. 

7. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The claims of Massachusetts to jurisdiction over 
Rhode Island; (2) the confirmation of the chaHer of 
Rhode Island, and (3) the granting of a royal charter to 
Rhode Island. 

Questions.— 4. Who was chosen the first President of Rhode Island ? What can 
you tell ahout a royal charter and another governor ? 5. What can you tell about 
Andros, the government, and a seal ? 6. What did Rhode Island do ? 7. What have 
we considered in this section ? 



THE COLONIES. 



113 



Conditions with Settlers in A r ew Jersey. 



SECTION VII. 

THE COLONY OF NEW JERSEY. 




SEAL OP NEW JERSEY. 



1. The colony of New Jersey was permanently 
founded, when families from Long Island settled on the 
site of Elizabethtown in 1664. 

2. According to an agreement, the settlers were to be 
exempted from rents for their lands for five years. When, 
at the end of that time, the owners asked for a rent of only 
a halfpenny an acre, the people complained and refused to 
pay it. 

3. For two years the settlers resisted the demand for rent, 
and then openly rebelled. They drove Governor Car- 
teret out of the province and elected an unworthy man to 
fill his place. The owners were about to take steps to com- 

Questions.— 1. When was New Jersey permanently settled, and by whom? 2. 
What can you tell about the rent of the land in New Jersey ? 3. Give an account of 
a rebellion and the change that followed. 



114 THE COLONIES. 



Division of .Ve« p Jersey. JVen> Proprietors there. 

pel the tenants to pay, when the Dutch became possessors 
of New Netherlands again. 

4. When New Netherlands was restored to the English 
in 1674, the western half of New Jersey was sold to Friends, 
or Quakers ; and in 1676 the province was divided into 
West and East Jersey. 

5. The next year (1677) more than four hundred Friends 
came from England and settled in West Jersey ; and in 
1681 the first legislative Assembly in that province met 
at Salem. 

6. East Jersey was sold to the Friends in 1682, and 
Tliojnas Barclay, a leader among them, was chosen gover- 
nor. Everything was doing well in the Jerseys until the Duke 
of York became King, when he took away their charters. 

7. For several years there was great confusion in the Jer- 
seys, the people denying the rights of the owners. Finally, 
in the spring of 1702, Queen Anne made of them one 
royal province, under the control of the governor of 
New York. 

8. New Jersey was allowed to have an independent As- 
sembly. It remained in that political condition until 1738, 
when Lewis Montis was appointed its first royal gov- 
ernor. It so remained until 1776. 

9. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The disputes between the people and the proprietors 
of New Jersey ; (2) its division into West and East Jer- 
sey ; (3) their possession by Friends, and (4) their erec- 
tion into a royal province. 

Questions.— 4. What can you tell about the sale and division of New Jersey? 5. 
What can you tell about settlers and government in West Jersey? 6. What can you 
tell about East Jersey? 7. Give an account of affairs in both, and their being made 
a royal province. 8. What was the government of New Jersey? 9, What have we 
considered in this section ? 



THE COLONIES. 



115 



Fruits of Justine. 



Charter of Liberties for 'Pennsylvania. 



SECTION VIII. 

THE COLONY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 




SEAL OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



1. Delaware had been annexed to Perm's domain, and 
the city of Philadelphia was laid out in 1682. The colo- 
nial career of Pennsylvania was then fairly begun. Set- 
tlers came from England in great 
numbers. Just dealings with the 
Indians made it a peaceful province 
to live in. 

2. In 1683, Penn, then living in 
a small house in Philadelphia, gave 
the people a liberal government, un- 
der the title of The Charter of 
Liberties 




PENN S HOUSE. 



The inhabitants were allowed self-government 



Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the beginning of the colonial career of 
Pennsylvania? 2. Where did Penn live and what did he do for the people? What 
can you tell about the prosperity of Pennsylvania ? 



116 THE COLONIES. 



Penn 'Deprived of his Sights. Final Disposition of Pennsylvania. 

and great personal freedom. When Penn returned to Eng- 
land in 1684, there were twenty settled townships 
and seven thousand inhabitants in Pennsylvania. 

3. Because Penn and King James were personal friends, 
the former was suspected of disloyalty to William and 
Mary. In 1692 Penn was imprisoned and deprived of his 
domain in America. It was then made a royal prov- 
ince, under the governor of New York. 

4. Perm's chartered rights were restored to him in 1694. 
In 1699 he sailed for America, and in 1701 he gave to the 
people of Pennsylvania a new charter. He allowed the 
inhabitants of Delaware to have a separate legislature, 
but they remained under the governor of Pennsylvania 
until 1776. 

5. Soon after completing these arrangements, Penn re- 
turned to England, and never saw America again. His 
family owned and governed the province until the war for 
independence broke out. It was sold to the commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania for $580,000. 

6. There were long and sometimes bitter disputes about 
the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. 
These were settled in 1761 by a careful resurvey made by 
Mason and Dixon. That boundary was known as Mason 
and Dixon's Line. 

7. We have considered in this section— 

(1) The time when the colony of Pennsylvania was 
founded; (2) the government and population of the 
province ; (3) the relations of Penn to the English gov- 

Questions.— 3. Give an account of Penn's troubles with the English government. 
4. What can you tell about the restoration of Penn's rights, and privileges given to 
Delaware ? 5. What have you to say about Penn and his .family and their final dis- 
position of Pennsylvania ? 6. What can you tell about boundary disputes ? 7. What 
have we considered in this section ? 



THE COLONIES. 11 V 



Government for the Carolina*. 3± Itebellioti. A Tiad Governor. 

eminent ; (4) the restoration of his chartered rights and 
final disposition of the province ; and (5) boundary dis- 
putes. 



SECTION IX. 

THE COLONIES OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

1. The proprietors of the Carolinas wished to establish 
a grand empire in America, with orders of nobility such as 
then existed in England, They employed the Earl of 
Shaftesbury and the famous John Locke to prepare a form 
of government for the purpose. 

2. That form of government, which was called the Fun- 
damental Constitutions, was completed in the spring of 
1669. The plan was totally unfitted for the country and the 
people of the Carolinas, and was rejected by the inhabitants. 

3. An attempt to force the people into submission to this 
government and its scheme of taxation caused an open 
rebellion in the northern colony. The inhabitants drove the 
governor and other officers from the province in 1677. They 
called a new Assembly, and for two years maintained an in- 
dependent government. 

4. In 1683, Seth Sothel, a dishonest member of the com- 
pany, was sent to govern the northern or Albemarle 
County Colony. He was a rapacious swindler. The people 
endured his rule about six years, and then drove him away. 
He took refuge in the southern colony. 



Questions.— 1. What did the owners of the Carolinas wish and do? 2. What 
have you to say ahout the form of government proposed ? 3. What can you tell 
about the attempt to force the people into submission to the government ? 4. Tell 
about Seth Sothel. 



118 



THE COLONIES. 



Good Governme?it in the Carolina*. .Late}' Settlers in A'orth Carolina. 

5. Other and better governors came to the northern 
colony, but no one was so acceptable as John Archdale, a 
Friend, who was sent in 1695 to govern both of the sections 
of the Carolinas. There was repose and happiness during 
his administration. 

6. From the close of Ar chelate's administration in 1698, 
the two portions of the Carolinas worked separately, until 
1729, when they were formally divided into distinct prov- 
inces under the titles of North and South Carolina. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 




<sr**-w 



SEAL OP NORTH CAROLINA. 

7. At the beginning of the year 1700, settlers were culti- 
vating lands in North Carolina, from the sea to the Yad- 
kin. In 1707, a large number of Huguenots settled on 
the River Trent, and in 1710 a body of German Luth- 
erans formed settlements at Mew Berne and other places. 

8. The people were enjoying repose and happiness, when 

Questions.— 5. What can you tell about other governors in North Carolina ? 6. 
What have you to say about the two Carolinas ? 7. Tell about various settlers in 
North Carolina. 



THE COLONIES. 



119 



The Tuscarora Indians. 



Trouble* with the Spaniards. 



suddenly, in 1711, the Indians commenced a war of ex- 
termination upon the German settlements. They plun- 
dered and destroyed their property, and murdered one 
hundred and thirty Germans. 

9. The South Carolinians helped their brethren in the 
north. In 1713, eight hundred of the Tuscarora l Indians 
— the leaders in the massacre — were made prisoners. The 
remainder fled and joined their brethren in New York, so 
completing the Iroquois Confederacy of Six Nations. 



SOUTH CAROLINA 




wm^M^ 



SEAL OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 

10. The South Carolinians had trouble with the 
Spaniards in Florida in 1702. The Spaniards excited 
the Indians against the English. The governor of South 
Carolina led twelve hundred white men and friendly In- 
dians to attack St. Augustine and punish the offenders. 

Questions.— 8. What can you tell about an Indian massacre? 9. What did the 
South Carolinians do ? What was the fate of the Tuscaroras ? 10. Tell about trou- 
ble with the Spaniards in Florida. 

1 tus'-ka-ro'-ra. 



120 THE COLONIES. 



War nith Indians and Spaniards. sin Indian Confederacy. 

The expedition was a failure, and its cost was so great that 
the colony was compelled to issue paper money with 
which to pay expenses. 

11. The next year (1703) the South Carolinians 
marched against the Indians in Georgia and Florida, who 
were the allies of the Spaniards. They captured several 
hundred of the savages, dispersed the rest, and desolated 
their country. 

12. An attempt was now made to establish the 
Church of England as the state church in South Caro- 
lina. Those who did not conform to it were deprived of 
precious privileges, such as having a voice in the government. 
The Parliament interfered, and relieved the people of the 
grievous burden. 

13. In 1706, a land and naval force, composed of French- 
men and Spaniards, entered Charleston Harbor, to attack 
the town. Eight hundred Spanish soldiers were landed. 
The South Carolinians captured one of their vessels and 
drove the rest of the force away. The invaders sustained a 
severe loss in the conflict. 

14. A confederation of the Southern Indian 
tribes was formed in 1715, for the extermination of the 
white people. These dusky allies numbered about six 
thousand warriors. They fell suddenly upon the back settle- 
ments, and murdered a hundred people before the news of 
hostility reached Charleston. 

15. The governor {Craven) of South Carolina immedi- 
ately marched against the Indians^with twelve hundred men. 

Questions.— 11 Tell about an expedition against the Indians. 12. Give an ac- 
count of an attempt to establish the Church of England in South Carolina. 13. Tell 
about an expedition against Charleston. 14. What can you tell about an Indian con- 
federation ? 15. What did the South Carolinians do, and what was the effect f 



THE COLONIES. 121 



Revolution in the Carolina*. Separation of the Colonies. 



After several hard fights, the savages were driven back with 
much slaughter. The frightened Indians, impressed with 
the belief that the South Carolinians were mighty war- 
riors, let them alone after that. 

16. The proprietors of the Carolinas not only refused 
to bear any of the expense of these wars, made for the pro- 
tection of their domain, but taxed the people heavily. In 
1719, the people rebelled, and elected a governor to suit 
themselves. Finally, becoming wearied by unjust treat- 
ment from the owners, the people asked King George the 
Second to take them and the province under his protection. 

17. The King gratified the discontented people by pur- 
chasing the two provinces of the proprietors in 1729. The 
two Carolinas were then legally separated, and over each a 
royal governor was placed. 

18. These royal governors were no better than the pro- 
prietary governors. From 1729, the history of North and 
South Carolina is made up largely of a record of dis- 
putes between the people and the governors. The people 
endured the affliction until 1776, when the two provinces be- 
came independent States. 

19. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The grand scheme of government formed for the 
Carolinas ; (2) the opposition to it ; (3) the character 
and career of several governors ; (4) the history of North 
and South Carolina separately ; (5) the settlements and 
wars in each ; (6) the complaints of the people in each ; 
and (7) the final establishment of i*oyal rule in each 
province. 

Questions.— 16. How did the proprietors of the Carolinas act ? What did the peo- 
ple do ? 17. What did the King do, and what was the result ? 18. What have you to 
say about the royal governors and the people ? 19. What have we considered in thia 
section ? 



122 



TBE COLONIES. 



Population of Georgia. 



The Wesleys and Whitefield there. 



SECTION X. 

THE COLONY OF GEORGIA. 




SEAL OF GEORGIA. 



1. Within eight years after the interview between Ogle- 
thorpe and To-mo-chi -chi, on the site of Savannah, in 
1733, full twenty-five hundred Europeans were in Georgia. 
In addition to the debtors from the prisons were German 
and Swiss families, attracted by the liberal grants of land. 

2. John and Charles Wesley, the founders of the Metho- 
dist denomination, were among the early immigrants, who 
came to labor for the good of the souls of the settlers. 
Afterward came the celebrated George Whitefield for the 
same purpose. They found the settlers indifferent to re- 
ligion. 

3. Many of the English settlers had been unaccustomed 

Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the earlier settlers in Georgia? 2. What 
have you to say about the Wesleys and Whitefield ? 3. What was the character of 
the settlers f 



THE COLONIES. 123 



War between the English and Spaniards in Florida. 

to manual labor, and did not thrive. The Germans and 
Siviss were industrious and thrifty. The colony increased 
rapidly for awhile. 

4. The Spaniards in Florida claimed jurisdiction as far 
north as - Port Royal in South Carolina. Oglethorpe 
expected they would be jealous of his intrusion, and pre- 
pared to resist their hostility. Being in England in 1736, 
he persuaded three hundred tall Scotch Highland soldiers 
to go with him to Georgia. With these he felt strong. 

5. The Spaniards soon began to show signs of hostility. 
Oglethorpe built forts in the lower parts of Georgia and 
adjacent Islands. This act made the Spaniards angry, and 
they sent word to the governor that he and his followers 
must leave the country below the Savannah, or they would 
be driven out by force. 

6. Oglethorpe went back to England, and in the autumn 
of 1737 he returned with six hundred troops and the com- 
mission of general. For two years the soldiers were not 
much needed. 

7. When, in 1739, war broke out between England and 
Spain, Oglethorpe did not wait for an attack. He marched 
into Florida in May, 1740, with two thousand white men 
and Indians. He captured two forts and besieged St. 
Augustine, when lack of artillery, exhaustion of food, and 
sickness in his camp, compelled him to abandon the siege and 
return to Savannah. 

8. In 1742 the Spaniards prepared to retaliate. With a 
large fleet three thousand troops were borne to the confines 

Questions.— 4. What did Oglethorpe expect, and what did he do ? 5. What did 
the Spaniards and Oglethorpe do? 6. What can you tell about Oglethorpe's second 
visit to England ? 7. What event occurred in 1739 ? Give an account of an expe- 
dition against St. Augustine. 




THE COAST OF FLORIDA. 



THE COLONIES. 125 



The Spaniards Outwitted. Social Condition of Georgia. 

of Georgia. They landed and built a strong fort. Ogle- 
thorpe was wide awake. With a smaller force he prepared 
to attack the invaders. His plans were defeated by the 
treachery of a Frenchman who deserted. 

9. By a clever trick Oglethorpe made the enemy believe 
that a British fleet was near St. Augustine. The alarmed 
Spaniards at once marched to attack one of Oglethorpe's 
forts, with the intention of returning immediately thereafter 
to St. Augustine. 

■ 10. In a dark swamp the Spaniards were surprised 
by Oglethorpe, and they suffered severely in a fight that 
ensued. So many Spaniards were killed that the place is 
still known as Bloody Marsh. The invaders hastened to 
their ships and sailed for St, Augustine. So Georgia was 
saved. 

1 1 . Oglethorpe left the colony in 1743 and never returned. 
That year the Trustees established a sort of local govern- 
ment in Georgia. The colony now grew very slowly. The 
people were not allowed to traffic with the West Indies, nor 
with the Indians around them. They did not own the land 
which they cultivated, nor were they permitted to employ 
slave labor. 

12. These prohibitions bore heavily upon the pros- 
perity of the colony. People preferred to settle in South 
Carolina, where no such prohibitions existed. Finally, 
in 1752, the King took possession of Georgia, made it 
a royal province, and removed all prohibitions. From 
that time until the war for independence Georgia prospered. 

Questions.— 8. Give an account of an expedition of the Spaniards against Geor- 
gia. 9 and 10. Continue your account of that expedition. 11. What more have you 
to say about Oglethorpe? What about the condition of the inhabitants of Georgia? 
12. What were the effects of prohibitions, and how were they remedied ? 



126 THE COLONIES. 



The English Colonies in America. 



13. We have now traced, in sharp outline, the fortunes 
of the thirteen English- American colonies from the 
planting of the seeds of settlement until the period when 
they were joined in a national Union. 

14, In this section we have considered — 

(1) The early colonists of Georgia ; (2) the jealousy of 
the Spaniards in Florida and preparations to meet its eon- 
sequences ; (3) the hostilities between the Georgians and 
the Spaniards, and (4) the peculiar condition of the 
people of Georgia until it was made a royal province. 

r 

SECTION XI. 

A RETROSPECT. 

1. During a period of about two hundred and sixty years 
fifteen colonies were planted, thirteen of which were com- 
menced within the space of about sixty-six years [1607 to 
1673]. By the union of Plymouth and Massachusetts, 
and also of Connecticut and New Haven, the number of 
colonies was reduced to thirteen, and it was these which 
went into the Revolutionary contest in 1775. 

2. Several European nations contributed men and women 
for the founding of these colonies. They were distinguished 
by differences in language, tastes, habits, and religious faith. 
England furnished far the greater number, and the settle- 



Questions.— 13. What have we now traced? 14, What have we considered in this 
section ? 

Questions.— 1. What can you say ahout the establishment of colonies in America ? 
2. What materials composed the colonists ? What position did England hold ? Did 
unity mark the colonists, and how ? 



THE COLONIES. 127 



Characteristics of the Colo?iists. 



merits came to be known as Anglo- American colonies, gov- 
erned by English laws. Very soon, common interests pro- 
duced a unity, and the people, of whatever nation, joined 
heartily in maintaining the integrity of the British realm 
when it was assailed. They were still more united in oppos- 
ing British aggressions upon their rights. 

3. There were differences in the character of the people of 
the several colonies. The Virginians and their southern 
neighbors were mostly from a class of English society in 
which restraints were not very rigid ; and the warm climate 
produced a tendency toward indolence and ease. Hence 
slave labor, relieving the white man from toil, was regarded 
as a great blessing. 

4. The JVeiv Englanders were chiefly from another class 
of English society, and included many religious enthusiasts, 
who sometimes possessed more zeal than wisdom. They 
were rigid disciplinarians in church and state, and their early 

legislation exhibits some curious laws 
respecting the minute details of social 
and domestic life. Their sterile soil 
made industry a necessity, and the 
climate inclined them to activity. 
Their habits and their dwellings were 
simple ; and their influence in the 
creation of our Republic was most 
salutary. 

5. The industry, thrift, honesty, and aversion to change, 

Questions.— 3. What can you say about the Virginians and their southern neigh- 
bors ? 4. What can you say about the New England people— their laws and habits ? 

1 This is a picture of one of the oldest houses in New England, and is a favorable 
specimen of the best class of frame dwellings at that time. It is yet [1874] standing, 
I believe, near Medfield, in Massachusetts. 




128 THE COLONIES. 



Chief Pursuits of the Colonists. Commerce and General Industry. 

peculiar to the Dutch, prevailed in New Yorh and New 
Jersey, and portions of Peiinsylvania, for almost a century- 
after the first settlements were made. The Swedes were simi- 
lar ; while the Friends or Quakers were marked by a refined 
simplicity and equanimity which won the esteem of all. Their 
lives were governed by a religious sentiment without fanati- 
cism, which formed a powerful safeguard against vice and 
immorality. The people of Maryland exhibited some of 
the traits of all. 

6. Agriculture was everywhere the chief pursuit, yet com- 
merce and navigation were not wholly neglected, notwith- 
standing the restrictions of the navigation laws. The people 
were compelled, by necessity, to be self-reliant, and what 
they were unable to purchase from the workshops of Eng- 
land, such as apparel, furniture, and implements of agricul- 
ture, they rudely manufactured, and were content. 

7. Commerce had a feeble infancy. Until their separa- 
tion from England, in 1776, their interchange of commodi- 
ties with the rest of the world might not, with propriety, 
be dignified with the name of commerce. English jealousy 
of the prosperity and independence of the colonies led to 
the imposition of many unwise restrictions upon their indus- 
try and enterprise ; and these were the principal causes 
which finally led to the great revolt in 1775, and the separa- 
tion of the colonies from the " mother country," as England 
was called. 

8. Education was early fostered among the people, par- 

Qitestions. — 5. What were the peculiarities of the Dutch and Swedes ? What 
marked the character of the Quakers ? What can you say about the people of Mary- 
land ? 6. What can you tell about the pursuits of the colonists ? What made home 
manufactures a necessity ? 7. What can you tell about the commerce of the colonies ? 
What folly did the English Government commit ? 



THE COLONIES. 129 



Education in the Colonies. The Strife for Power fter/un. 

ticularly in New England, where the common school, 
the chief glory of our Republic, was early established and 
tenderly nurtured. Provision was made for the education 
of all. The rigid laws which discouraged all frivolous 
amusements, were productive of a habit of reading. The 
books were devoted chiefly to history and religion, and large 
numbers were sold. A traveler, as early as 1686, asserts that 
several booksellers in Boston had "made fortunes by their 
business." Newspapers, the great educators of the people 
in our day, were very few and of little worth before the era 
oi the Revolution. 

9. Such were the people, and such their political and 
social condition, at the commencement of the great struggle 
between the French and English for supreme dominion in 
America, which we are now to consider. 



SECTION XII. 

THE STRIFE FOR POWER; THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

1. We have briefly noticed the wars in America be- 
tween the English and the French and Indians. The 
causes of these wars often concerned Europeans more than 
Americans. The strife we are now about to consider began 
in a quarrel about boundaries between the French 
and English, in America. 



Questions.— 8. What can you say about education in the colonies ? What encour- 
aged reading ? What kind of books were read ? What have you to say about books 
and newspapers? 

Questions.— 1. What have we noticed ? What have* you to say about the cauee* 
of strife ? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 131 

The, Ohio Company. TVashington's Embassy. 

2. The French traded with the Indians in the country west 
of the Alleghany 1 Mountains, from Lake Erie to the 
Mississippi and New Orleans. They built forts in those 
regions, and thus made the English jealous. 

3. In 1749, some Englishmen and Americai%s formed 
the Ohio Company. The King granted them a large 
tract of land on the upper waters of the Ohio River. The 
French claimed this region as their own. An old Indian 
who heard the quarrel said, " You English claim all on one 
side of the river, and you French all on the other side ; 
where does the Indian's land lay ? " They could not an- 
swer. 

4. The Ohio Company sent men to survey these lands in 
1753. French soldiers siezed and imprisoned these survey- 
ors, aud built forts in the country between the head-waters 
of the Ohio and Lake Erie. 

5< The governor of Virginia sent young George Wash- 
ington with a letter to the French commander, inquiring 
what was meant by such conduct. After a fatiguing jour- 
ney of four hundred miles, Washington returned early in 
1754 with an answer in writing. The French commander 
told the governor that the land belonged to his King, 
and that he and his soldiers should stay there as long as they 
pleased. 

6. The governor {Dinwiddle 2 ) made Washington a 
major, and placed him in command of Virginia troops 

Questions.— 2. What did the French do westward of the Alleghany Mountains ♦ 
3. Tell about the Ohio Company and the claims to the lands on the Ohio. 4. What 
did the Ohio Company do ? What did the French do ? 5. What did the Governor 
of Virginia do? Give an account of Washington's mission. 6. What did Gover- 
nor Dinwiddie then do ? 

1 al-le oci'-ne. - dhn-wid'-de. 




132 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

Hostilities between the English and French. 

that were to be sent against the French. These were 
joined by troops from New Yorh and South Carolina. 
The whole were commanded by Colonel Fry. 

7. Meanwhile the English had begun 
to build a fort on the site of the city of 
Pittsburgh. The French drove them 
away, finished the work, and called it 
Fort Du Quesne, 1 the name of the gov- 
ernor of Canada- 

8. Washington, with his Virginians, 
pressed forward to retake the fort. He 

met the Fi^ench coming to oppose his march, and in a 
skirmish at the Great Meadows the first blood was 
spilled (May 28, 1754) in the long war that ensued. The 
commander of the French party was killed. 

9. Colonel Fry died two days after . this skirmish, and 
Washington was made chief leader of the troops. With 
these he pressed forward. Hearing of the approach of a 
large party of French and Indians, he fell back to the 
Great Meadows, and built a stockade, which he called 
Fort Necessity. 

10. Early in July the Fi^ench attacked Fort Necessity. 
After a fight for ten hours (July 4), Washington was com- 
pelled to surrender. The French commander generously 
allowed all of his prisoners to return to their homes. 

11. During the same summer (1754) representatives from 
several colonies met at Albany, in New Yorh, to consider 

Questions.— 7. Tell about a fort on the site of Pittsburgh. 8. What did Washing- 
ton and Virginia troops do 2 Tell about a skirmish. 9. How came Washington to 
be chief commander of troops? What did he do? 10. Tell about a battle. 11. What 
can you tell about a plan for the union of the colonies ? 

1 du-kane'. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 133 

Plan of Union. The Campaign of 7755. 

plans for united action against the French and Indians. 
They made a covenant of peace with the Sice Nations, 
and then agreed upon a plan of Union proposed by Dr. 
Franklin. 

12. The plan was not favored by the King nor the colo- 
nies, and it was abandoned. Soon after the Congress ad- 
journed, the Indians, incited by the French, commenced 
plundering and murdering the English of the frontier set- 
tlements. 

13. The endangered colonists, with a promise of assist- 
ance from the English government, 
prepared for war. That government sent 
Edward Braddoch (an Irish officer) to 
America early in 1755, with troops, as 
commander-in-chief of all the British 
forces in America. He met the gover- 
nors of several colonies at Alexandria, 
in Virginia, in April, when they ar- 
ranged . GENERAL BKADDOCK. 

THE CAMPAIGN OF 1755. 

14. Three separate armies were to be mustered. One was 
to march against Fort Du Quesne ; a second against forts 
near each end of Lake Ontario, and a third against forts on 
Lake Cham-plain. 

15. An expedition against the French in Acadia 1 had 
already been arranged. In May three thousand men, under 
General Shirley, sailed from Boston, landed at the head of 

Questions.— 12. What was the fate of the plan of Union ? What did the Indians 
do? 13. What did the colonists do? What did the British government do V What 
can you tell about General Braddock ? 14. What was the plan of the campaign of 
1755 ? 15 What can you tell about an expedition against Acadia? 

1 a-ka'-de-a. 




134 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



Capture of French Forts. 



Battle on the Monongahela. 



the Bay of Fundy, and captured the French forts in 
that vicinity. Fort Beausejour \ was taken on the 15th of 
June, and Fort Gaspereau 2 on the 17th. They desolated 
Acadia and cruelly drove the innocent inhabitants to the 
woods or carried them away in ships. 



^Tap of 




16. In June Braddock marched from the Potomac 
River, with two thousand men, against Fort Du Quesne. 
On the 9th of July, when they were near the Mononga- 
hela 9 River, the English were assailed by Indians con- 
cealed in ambush. 

17. A severe battle ensued. Washington was Brad- 
dock's aid. He knew how to fight Indians, and ventured 

Questions.— 16. Tell about the expedition of Braddock against Fort Du Quesne. 
1 bo-seh'-yure. 2 gah-speh-r<y. 3 mo-non'-ga-he-lah. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



135 



Braddocfc's Defeat, 2>eath; and Suriat. 



to offer Braddoch some advice. That general would not 
listen to him. The French and their Indian allies fought 




10SSWC-BMWI1T 



BURIAL OF BRADDOCK. 



bravely. Braddoch was defeated, and he and several of his 
officers were mortally wounded. 

18. Washington was the only officer not injured. He 

Questions.-17. Tell about a battle near the Monongahela. What did Washing- 
ton do, and what occurred ? 



136 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



Failure of an Expedition. 



Operations ?iear Zake George. 



took the command, and skillfully conducting a retreat, saved 

the remainder of the army. Braddock died, and was bur- 
ied by torch-light, Colonel Washington reading the burial 

service of the English church at the grave. 

19. Governor Shirley 1 led the troops destined to attack 

the forts on Lake Ontario. Storms and sickness prevented 
his going farther than Oswego. He 
,^M^ky commenced a fort there, left a small 

garrison, and returned to Albany. 

20. William Johnson, an Indian 
agent in the Mohawk country, led 
troops against the forts on Lake 
Chamvlain. In July, 1755, six 
thousand of these were collected, 
under General Lyman, at Fort Ed- 
ward, from which place Johnson led 

nearly all of them to the head of Lake 

George. 
21. Informed that the Baron Dies- 

kau 2 was leading a force of Fi^ench 

and Indians against him, Johnson 

sent out a thousand men, under Colonel 

Williams, to attack them. Williams 

was defeated (September 8, 1755), and 

Dieskau hurried on to attack Johnson 

in his camp. The French and Indians were driven 

and Dieskau was mortally ivounded. 




WILLIAM JOHNSON. 




FORT EDWARD. 



off, 



Questions.— 18. What have you to say ahout Washington and the army, and the 
death of Braddock ? 19. What did Governor Shirley do ? What was the result ? 

20. What can you tell ahout William Johnson and troops in Northern New York ? 

21. Give an account of fighting near Lake George. 

1 shur'4e. - dee-es-fa/. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



137 



Fort William Henty 'Built. Declaration of War. iPlan of Campaign. 

22. Believing the forts on Lake Champlain to be too 
strong for his force, Johnson remained 
where he was and built Fort William 
Henry. Leaving some troops there and 
at Fort Edward, he marched the remain- 
der of his army back to Albany, and so 
closed the campaign of 1755. 




FORT WILLIAM HENRY. 



.t^«'^> 



CAMPAIGN OF 1756. 

23. England declared war against France in 1756. 

Lord Loudon* a very indolent man, had been appointed 
commander-in-chief in America, but did not arrive until 
late in the summer. General Aber- 
crombie, 2 a good soldier, came in his 
place in June. 

24. The plan of the campaign was 
similar to the one formed the pre- 
vious year. Abercrombie found 
seven thousand troops ready for 
action at Albany. Foolish conten- 
tions about rank delayed their march 
until August. Then Montcalm? 
Dieskau's successor, was well prepared to meet the Eng- 
lish. 

25. Early in August Montcalm, with five thousand 
French, Canadians, and Indians, went up the St. Law- 




ABERCROMBIE. 



Questions.— 22. What did General Johnson do ? 23. What can yon tell ahont a 
declaration of war, and the English commanders in America ? 24. What was the plan 
of the campaign for 1756 ? Tell ahont the movements of Ahercrombie, and the con- 
sequence of delay. 25. What did Montcalm do ? What occurred at Oswego ? 



loo'-dun, 2 ab-er-krom'-be. 3 mont-kam'. 



138 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



Oswego 'Taken by the French. General c4larm. Indians Humbled. 

rence and Lake Ontario to Oswego, 1 and on the 14th cap- 
tured an English fort there. The 
spoils of victory were many cannon, 
vessels in the harbor, and fourteen hun- 




Osneco 
OSWECO' 



FORTS AT OSWEGO. 



dred men. 

26. This event so frightened the 
indolent Loudon, who had arrived and 
taken the general command, that he 
ordered all the other expeditions to be 
abandoned. There was general alarm. The Indians 
desolated the frontiers, and killed or carried away almost a 
thousand white people. . 

27. The English strengthened their forts and block- 
houses. A heavy blow was given to 
the Indians at Kittanning? in 
Pennsylvania, by troops under Col- 
onel Armstrong, on the 8th of Sep- 
tember, which made the savages quiet, 
and so ended the campaign of 1756. 







BLOCK-HOUSE. 



CAMPAIGN OF 1757. 

28. Lord Loudon's laziness ruined 
everything in which he was concerned. It allowed the 
French to take Louisburg ; and at a council held in Bos- 
ton, he proposed to confine the campaign of 1757 to the re- 
capture of that town and fortress. The disappointed colo- 
nists yielded to him. 



Questions.— 26. What effect did the capture of Oswego have on Loudon ? Tell 
about the Indians. 27. What did the English do ? What event made the Indians 
quiet? 28, What have you to say about Lord Loudon's laziness ? What did he pro- 
pose, and what did the colonists do? 



os-we'-go. 2 kit-tan'-ning. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 139 



Expedition against Zouisburg Abandoned. Montcalm's Victories. 



29. Lord Loudon was at Halifax at the close of June, 
with a large land and naval force, wherewith to attack Louis- 
burg. There he was informed that the French at Louis- 
burg were stronger in soldiers and ships than he, and after 
some delay he thought it prudent to leave them alone. 
He returned to New York in August. 

30. As a consequence of Loudon's ignorance and inef- 
ficiency, Montcalm had won victories in northern New 
York. With seven thousand white men and two thousand 
Indians, he left Ticonderoga late in July, and compelled 
the garrison at Fort William Henry to surrender early 
in August. 

3 1 . Montcalm promised to protect the prisoners from 
the savages. He was unable to do so, and a large number 
of them were cruelly murdered when they marched out 
to go to FoH Edward. Fort William Henry was 
destroyed. This sad event ended the campaign of 1757. 
With it was ended the leadership of Lord Loudon in 
America. 

32. William Pitt was now made prime minister of Eng- 
land. He was a man of energy and wisdom ; and he made 
grand preparations for the 

CAMPAIGN OF 1758. 

33. General Abercrombie was placed in chief command 
of the troops in America. Admiral Boscawen 1 was put 
in charge of a large number of ships for service in American 

Questions.— 29. Tell about Loudon's expedition against Louisburg, and what did 
he finally do ? 30. What can you tell about the consequences of Loudon's delay and 
Montcalm's operations? 31. What did Montcalm promise, and what occurred? 32. 
What have you to say about William Pitt ? 33. What can you tell about a land and 
naval force in 1758 ? What did the colonists do ? 

1 bos-kaw'-en, 



140 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



Zouisburg Taken by the English. English Defeated at Ticonderoga. 




LORD HOWE. 



waters. The colonists were encouraged, and cheerfully 

answered all calls for men and supplies. 

34. It was decided to attack Louisburg, Ticonderoga, 
and Fort Du Quesne. Twelve thou- 
sand men under Generals Amherst 
and Wolfe, went from Halifax in 
Boscawerv 's fleet of forty vessels, 
and on the 8th of June landed near 
Louisburg. After a siege of about 
fifty days, the French, surren- 
dered (July 20) the fort and five 
thousand soldiers. 

35, Meanwhile Abercrombie and 
young Lord Howe were leading 

sixteen thousand men and a heavy train of artillery, 

against Ticonderoga. They went over 

Lake George early in July, and in an 

encounter near Ticonderoga, on the 

6th, Lord Howe was killed. 

36, The English pressed on through 
the woods, and without waiting for the 
artillery to come up, attacked Ticonder- 
oga on the 8th. Montcalm was there 
with four thousand men. The English were defeated with 
a loss of two thousand men. 

37. Abercrombie retreated to the head of Lake George f 
and then sent Colonel Bradstreet, 1 with three thousand 
men, to attack Fort Frontenac, at the foot of Lake On- 




TICONDEROGA. 



Questions.— 34. What was it decided to do ? What can you tell about an expe- 
dition against Louisburg ? 35. What can you tell about an expedition against Ticon- 
deroga, and the death of a leader ? 36. Give an account of the attack on Fort Ticon- 
deroga. 37. What did Abercrombie do? Tell about an expedition against Fort 
Frontenac. 

1 brad' -street. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



141 



Fort 1)u Quesne 'Taken by the English. 2*eace with the Indiatis. 

tario. It was on the site of Kingston, in Canada. The 
fort was taken on the 27th of August. 

38. In July, General Forbes 1 commenced a march against 
Fort Du Quesne, with nine thousand men. He moved so 
slowly that he did not get over the Alleghany Mountains 
until November, *when his troops were attacked and defeated 
in a battle on the 21st. Then Washington, with his Vir- 
ginians, moved rapidly forward. Hearing of his approach, 
the French set fire to Fort Du Quesne (Nov. 24), 
and fled down the Ohio River in boats. 




RUINS OF TICONDEROGA IN lboO. 

39. In honor of the great statesman, the name of FoH 
Pitt was given to the ruin, and there the city of Pittsburgh 
now stands. This event ended the campaign of 1758. Its 
results were favorable to the English. They had cap- 
tured Forts Louisburg, Frontenae, and Du Quesne, with 
very little loss to themselves, and so alarmed the In- 
dians, that they agreed, in council, not to fight the Eng- 
lish any more. 

Questions.— 38. Give an account of an expedition against Fort Du Quesne and the 
result. 39. What new name was given to the fort ? What were the results of the 
campaign of 1758 ? 

1 forbz. 



142 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 




LORD AMHERST. 



Military Opera/ions in JYew England and Canada. 
CAMPAIGN OF 1759. 

40. Pitt now resolved to take 
Canada and crush the dominion 
of the French in America. 

General Amherst 1 was made com- 
mander-in-chief in America; and 
in the spring of 1759, he found 
twenty thousand Provincial troops 
ready to march against Canada. 

41, A land and naval force was 
sent over from England, and early in the summer three 

expeditions were in motion. One went 

up the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec ; 
another went to drive the French from 
Lake Champlain and force them into 
Canada, and a third was destined to at- 
tack the fort on the Niagara River. 

42. Amherst appeared before Ticon- 

deroga late in July with eleven thousand 

men. The French commander had just 

heard of the arrival of Wolfe before 
Quebec. He fled in haste 
to Croivn Point. Am- 
herst pursued the French, 
who went down the lake 
into Canada. They never came back. Am- 

fort at crown point. faerst then built the strong fort, now in 

ruins, at Croivn Point. 





LAKE GEORGE AND 
VICINITY. 



Questions— 40. What did Pitt resolve to do ? What have you to say ahout Gene- 
ral Amherst ? 41. What can you tell about preparations for the campaign of 1759 and 
the movements of troops ? 42. Tell about the expedition of Amherst against Ticon- 
deroga and the flight of the French. What did Amher3t do ? 

1 am'-erst. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 



143 




FORT NIAGARA. 



Expeditions against Fort Niagara and Quebec. 

43. General Prideaux 1 led the expedition against FoH 
Niagara. He sailed from Oswego in July, with Sir Wil- 
liam Johnson as his lieutenant. On 
the 17th he commenced a siege of 
Niagara, where he was soon killed 
by the bursting of a gun. Johnson 
continued the siege, and on the 25th 
the fort surrendered to the English. 

44. General Wolfe, who went up 
the St. Lawrence with eight thousand 
troops and many battle-ships, under 
Admirals Holmes and Saunders, was now near Quebec. 
It was a strong, walled town, under the command of Gen- 
eral Montcalm, whose army lay along the St. Lawrence, 

from the city to the Montmorenci 2 
River. 

45. In June Wolfe took posses- 
sion of the island of Or'leans, below 
Quebec, and of Point Levi? oppo- 
site the city. Early in July he 
formed a camp below the Montmo- 
renci. The two armies had a little 
hard fighting there on the 31st of 
July, but the grand assault was deferred until September. 
46. Wolfe waited in vain for Amherst to come to his 
aid. Prostrated by fever at the close of summer, he held 
a council of war at his bedside. It was determined to 




GENERAL WOLFE. 



Questions.— 43. Tell about the expedition against Fort Niagara, and the result. 
44 What can you tell about an expedition under General Wolfe ? What have you to 
say about Quebec and an army under Montcalm ? 45. What position did Wolfe take 
near Quebec ? 46. What did Wolfe do, and what was determined upon in council ? 



1 pre-doz'. 



mont-mo-ren'-ci. 



lee'-vi. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



145 



flattie at Quebec. 



Death of Wolfe arid Montcalm. 



scale the rocky heights above the town, ascend to the 
Plains of Abraham, and there attack Quebec on its 
weakest side. 

47. Feeble as he was, Wolfe determined to lead his 
troops. These were conveyed silently, in boats rowed with 
muffled oars, to a cave at the mouth of a winding ravine. 
They were all landed at midnight, unobserved by the 
Fi-ench sentinels. 

48. Montcalm was ignorant of this movement until he 

was surprised at 




sunrise on the 
morning of the 13th 
of September by 
the glow of British 
uniforms on the 
high plain. He im- 
mediately marched 
military operations at quebec. his whole army 

across the St. Charles River and attacked the enemy. 

49. A very severe battle was fought. Wolfe was 
three times wounded, the last time mortally, by. a bullet 
which pierced his breast. He was taken to the rear, faint 
from the loss of blood. He heard a shout, " They run ! 
They run ! " " Who runs ? " feebly asked the dying leader. 
"The French" was the reply. "Then I die content," 
he said, and expired. 

50. Montcalm was killed at about the time Wolfe ex- 
pired, and now one tall monument stands in Quebec, erected 



Questions.— 47. Give an account of the leading and the landing of the troops. 48. 
What can you tell about Montcalm ? 49. Give an account of a battle and the death 
of Wolfe. 50. What was the fate of Montcalm ? What can you tell about a move- 
ment and the surrender of Quebec ? 




MONUMENT TO WOLFK 
AND MONTCALM. 



146 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

attempt to Recapture Quebec. Capture of Montreal. 

to the memory of the two heroes. Five days after the bat- 
tle Quebec was given to the English. 
But Canada was not yet conquered. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1760. 

51. The French tried to retake Quebec 
in the spring of 1760. A very severe battle 
was fought at Sillery, three miles above 
Quebec, on the 28th of April, when the 
British were driven into the city and a 
siege commenced. Rumors of an ap- 
proaching British fleet alarmed the French 
and they fled to Montreal, then the last stronghold left of 
the French empire in America. 

52. The whole summer was consumed by Amherst in 
preparations to attack the French in Montreal. He went 
down the St. Lawrence with ten thousand white men and a 
thousand Indian warriors, and arrived before Montreal on 
the 6th of September. 

53. General Murray, with four thousand troops from 
Quebec, joined Amherst the same day. On the next day 
Colonel Haviland J came with three thousand troops from 
Crown Point. 

54. The French commander saw that resistance would 
be useless, and on the 8th he surrendered the post to 
the English. General Gage was appointed governor. Thus 
was completed the conquest of Canada ; and the power 

Questions.— 51. What did the French try to do, and what did they do ? 52. What 
did Amherst do ? 53. What can you tell about the English before Montreal ? 54. 
What did the French commander see, and what did he do ? What have you to say 
about the conquest of Canada and the French power ? 

' hav'-i-land. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 147 



End of French and Indian War. ^onliac's War. Treaty at Paris. 

of the French in America was broken. The French 
and Indian War was essentially ended from this time. 

55. French emissaries, however, continued to excite the 
Indians against the English. A bloody warfare was kept 
up along the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas by 
the savages for more than a year. 

56. These troubles in the South had scarcely ended when 
Pontiac, 1 an Ottawa 2 chief, induced several of the north- 
western tribes to join in trying to drive the white people 
from the country. 

57. Pontiac was one of the greatest of the Indian chiefs 
known to Europeans. In the summer of 1763, he kin- 
dled a fierce war. It was terrible for awhile, but the 
Confederacy was subdued and destroyed. Pontiac fled to 
the country of the Illinois, where he was murdered in 1769. 

58. The last act in the French and Indian War was a 
treaty of peace, which was concluded at Paris in 1763, by 
which France was shorn of the best part of her dominions 
in America. This struggle with the French revealed to 
the colonists their inherent strength in Union, and prepared 
them for the greater struggle for independence, in which 
they were engaged soon afterward. 

59. We have considered in this section — 

(1) The causes which brought the French and English 
into conflict in the Ohio country ; (2 the beginning of hos- 
tilities between the three races in America in 1754 ; (3) 
the preliminary steps toward a union of the colonies ; 

Questions.— 55. What can you tell about the Indians on the Southern borders ? 56. 
What can you tell about Pontiac and Indians in the northwest? 57. What have you 
to say about Pontiac, his doings and his fate ? 58. What was the last act in the 
French and Indian War ? What was the more remote result of the struggle ? 58. 
What have we considered in this section ? 

1 pon-ti-ak' '.. * ot-taw'-wah. 



146 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

Outline of Important J<Jve?its. 

(4) the declaration of war between France and Eng- 
land ; (5) the several campaigns from 1755 to 1760, which 
ended in the conquests of Canada, and (6) Indian hos- 
tilities and a final treaty of peace. 

OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1619 TO 1763.* 

1619. Representative government established in Virginia. Slaves in- 

troduced into Virginia. 

1620. Young women sent to Virginia for wives. 

1621. Indians appear at Plymouth. 

1622. Massacre by Indians in Virginia, 
1624. Virginia made a royal province. 

1626. First governor of New Netherland arrives. 

1628. Salem and Charlestown settled. 

1629. Charter of Massachusetts transferred to the colony. 
1635. Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. 
1639. Representative government established in Maryland. 
1643. New England confederacy formed. 

1644- Massacre by Indians in Virginia. Charter for Rhode Island 

granted. 
I647. Governor Stuyvesant arrives at New Amsterdam. 

1649. Toleration Act passed in Maryland. 

1650. Disputes between Connecticut and New Netherland settled. 

1651. Dutch build a fort on the Delaware. 

1652. Silver money first coined in Massachusetts. 

1653. Roger Williams elected first president of Rhode Island. 

1654. Protestants disfranchise Roman Catholics in Maryland. 

1655. Rhode Island charter confirmed by Cromwell. 

1656. Quakers first appear in Boston. 

1660. Charles the Second enthroned. Colonies subjected to import 
duties. 

1662. Charter given to Connecticut, 

1663. First representative Assembly in New Netherland. 

1664. New Netherland surrendered to the English. New Jersey 

founded. 

1665. New Haven and Connecticut colonies united. 

1669. Grand scheme of government for the Carolinas perfected. 
1673. New York retaken by the Dutch. 
1674- New York giveu back to the English. 

* See foot-note on page 32. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 149 

Outline of Important .Events. 



1675. King Philip's war breaks out. 

1676. Civil war breaks out in Virginia. 

1676. New Jersey divided into East and West Jersey. 

1681. First legislative Assembly in New Jersey. 

1682. City of Philadelphia laid out. 

1683. Charter of Liberties given to New York. Charter of Liberties 

given to Pennsylvania. 
1685. Charter of Liberties withdrawn from New York. 
16S6. Andros sent to take away the New England charters. 
1687. Andros attempts to seize the Connecticut charter. Takes the 

Rhode Island charter. 

1689. Accession of William and Mary. King William's War breaks 

out. Coode's Rebellion in Maryland. Connecticut resumes 
her charter. 

1690. Schenectady burned by the French and Indians. 

1691. Execution of Leisler and Milborne. Maryland made a royal 

province. 

1692. Massachusetts and Plymouth united. The witchcraft delusion 

at Salem. Pennsylvania made a royal province. 

1693. Governor Fletcher attempts to control the militia of Connecticut. 

1694. Penn's charter rights restored. 

1695. Archdale made governor of both Carolinas. 
1699. Annapolis made the capital of Maryland. 

1701. Queen Anne's War breaks out. Penn gives a new charter to 

Pennsylvania. 

1702. The Jerseys made a royal province under the governor of New 

York. South Carolinians go to attack St. Augustine. 

1703. South Carolinians subdue hostile Indians. 

1706. Expedition of Spaniards against South Carolina. 

1707. Huguenots settle in North Carolina. 

1710. Port Royal, in Acadia, captured by the English. Germans settle 

in North Carolina. 

1711. Unsuccessful expedition against Quebec. Massacre by Indians 

in North Carolina. 
1713. Peace with French and Indians secured by treaty. North Caro- 
lina Indians subdued. 

1715. Confederation of Southern Indians formed. South Carolinians 

subdue the Indians. 

1716. Rights of Lord Baltimore restored. 

1729. North and South Carolina made separate royal provinces. 

1736. Scotch Highland soldiers go to Georgia. 

1737. Six hundred other soldiers go to Georgia. 

1738. First royal governor in New Jersey. 



150 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



Outline of Important Invents. 



1740 
1743 

1743 

1744 
1745, 
1746 
1748 

1749, 
1752. 



Georgians make war on the Spaniards in Florida. 

Spaniards threaten Georgia. Fight at Bloody Marsh. 

Local government first established in Georgia. 

King George's War breaks out. 

Louisburg captured by the English. 

D'Anville's fleet dispersed. 

King George's War ended by treaty. 

Ohio Company formed. 

Georgia made a royal province. 

1753. French soldiers imprison English surveyors. 

1754. Young Washington's delicate mission to the French. Fort Du 

Quesne built. First blood shed in the French and Indian 
War. Colonial Congress at Albany. 

1755. Braddock comes to America with troops. Defeated and killed 

near the Monongahela River. Battles near Lake George, and 
Fort William Henry built. Acadia desolated. 

1756. England declares war against France. Montcalm captures Os- 

wego. Indians defeated at Kittanning. 

1757. Montcalm captures Fort William Henry. Pitt made Prime 

Minister. 

1758. Louisburg captured by the English. The English repulsed at 

Ticonderoga. Forts Frontenac and Du Quesne taken by the 
English. 

1759. Forts Ticonderoga and Niagara, and the city of Quebec taken by 

the English. 

1760. The conquest of Canada by the English completed. 

1761. Troubles with the Southern Indians. 

1763. War with Pontiac. Treaties of Peace concluded at Paris. 



A LIST OF BATTLES IN THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



1754. 

Great Meadows May 28 

Fort Necessity July 4 

1755. 

Fort Beausejour June 16 

Fort Gasperau June 17 

Monongahela July 9 

Near Lake George Sept. 8 

Head of Lake George Sept. 8 

1756. 
Oswego Aug. 14 

1757. 
Fort William Henry Aug. 9 



1758. 

Near Ticonderoga July 6 

Ticonderoga July 8 

Louisburg July 26 

Fort Frontenac Aug. 27 

Alleghany Mountains Sept, 21 



Fort Niagara July 25 

Montmorenci July 31 

Plains of Abraham Sept. 13 



1760. 



Sillery. 



April 28 



THE REVOLUTION. 151 



Tendency toward National Independence. 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE STRIFE FOR FREEDOM, OR THE 
(REVOLUTION. 



SECTION I. 

THE PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 



1. The love of liberty of thought and action, which caused 
a greater portion of the settlers in America to leave home 
and make an abode in the wilderness, was increased by its 
indulgence here. They loved father-land much, but 
freedom more. 

2. There was a tendency toward national indepen- 
dence from the first planting of the colonies. The people, 
however, gloried in being subjects of Great Britain, so long 
as the imperial government treated them justly. When it 
ceased to do so, they asserted their independence, and 
fought to secure it. 

3. The natural tendency toward independence ; the neg- 
lect of the parent country ; the misrule of many royal 
governors ; the exactions of proprietors, and the peculiar 
conditions of society in America, were the chief causes 
which made the struggle for independence a sort of necessity. 

Questions.— 1. What induced persons to settle in America ? 2. What was the ten- 
dency of the colonists ? What did the people glory in, and what did they do ? 3. 
What were the chief causes that led to the struggle for independence ? 



152 



THE REVOLUTION. 



View of Taxatio7i and Independence. 



4. The immediate occasion of that struggle may be found 
in the persistence of the British ministry in taxing the 
colonies, while, at the same time, they denied them a rep^ 
resentation in the parliament. The American^ 
said, " Taxation without representation is tyran- 
ny.' ' Under the circumstances their principles made rebel- 
lion a necessity. 

5. George the Tliird took his seat on the throne of Eng- 
land at the close of the French and Indian war. That 
war had cost England much money, and her treasury was 
empty. The King asked how it should be filled, and bad ad- 
visers said, Tax the Americans ; they are rich, and 
willing to pay freely. 

6. The colonists were called upon to pay to the govern- 
ment certain sums of money for 
everything which they might re- 
ceive in ships. This is called an 
impost duty. Officers were sent 
to America to collect this duty, or 
tax. Leading men in Massachu- 
setts, among them the eloquent 
James Otis, advised the people not 
to pay the tax, and they refused to 
do so. 

7. Then a law was passed, that no paper for certain busi- 
ness or social purposes should be used, unless it should bear 
a stamp issued by the British government, for which cer- 
tain sums of money were charged. 

Questions.^. What was the immediate occasion of that struggle ? How did the 
colonies express their chief grievance ? 5. What can you tell about George the 
Third and the public treasury ? What advice was given him ? 6. What can you tell 
about taxing the colonists ? What were they advised to do ? 7. What can you tell 
about stamped paper ? 




JAMES OTIS. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



153 



The Stamp Act. 



"Resistance to the Measure. 




8. These stamps were made on bits of paper — some white 
and many blue — bearing royal em- 
blems and the money value of the 
stamp. This law, known as the 
Stamp Act, made the Americans 
indignant, for it was a new and indirect 
mode of taxation. Delegates were ap- 
pointed in the different colonies, to 
meet in New York in the autumn of 
1765, to agree upon a plan of action in 
the matter. A STAMP - 

9. This " Stamp Act Congress," as it was called, 
sent strong petitions to Parliament asking for justice ; also 
an able address to the King, and a declaration of their rights 
as British subjects. 

10. Encouraged by the tone of these papers, the people 
rejected the stamps. Merchants agreed 
not to buy any more goods in Eng- 
land until justice was done to the 
American colonies. The great Wil- 
liam Pitt advised Parliament to re- 
peal the act, and it was done in the 
spring of 1776. 

1 1 . Among the most earnest oppos- 

william pitt, ers f British oppression at that day 

was Patrick Henry. When, in the Virginia legislature, 

he was one day speaking of the dangers that threatened a 

monarch who oppressed his people, he said, " Ccesar had his 




Questions.— 8. How were stamps made ? How did the Americans feel and act ? 9. 
Tell about the Stamp Act Congress. 10. What did the people and the merchants 
do ? What can you tell about the repeal of the Stamp Act? 11. What can you tell 
about Patrick Henry ? 



154 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Valricfc Henry in the Virginia Legislature. 

Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the 
T]%ird" — He was interrupted at this point by cries of 
" Treason! Treason ! " Henry concluded by saying — 
" may profit by their example ; if that be treason, make the 
most of it." 



iiii)j|ii'f|;|'. 




PATRICK HENRY IN THE VIRGINIA ASSEMBLY. 



12. The British government tried other measures to get 
money from the Americans. Parliament laid an impost 
duty on goods wanted by them. The Colonial Assemblies 
declared that Parliament had no right to so tax the colo- 
nists, and merchants agreed to buy nothing from England 
until the government should be just. 

13. The tax-gatherers came in 1768. They were treated 



Questions — 12. What did the British government and the Americans do ! 



THE REVOLUTION. 155 



2'he ce Boston Massacre." Tax on Tea. 

with contempt. Soldiers, under General Gage, were sent to 
Boston from Halifax to assist the tax-gatherers in enforc- 
ing the law. 

14. The royal governors, seeing the determination of their 
government, became more proud and insolent. They treated 
the people as rebels, and irritated them beyond endurance. 
Even the common soldiers treated citizens with disre- 
spect. 

15. Finally, in March, 1770, the soldiers and citizens in 
Boston had a quarrel, which resulted in the killing of three 
persons and the wounding of several others by the sol- 
diers. 

16. The citizens resolved not to endure military rule 
any longer. They demanded the in- 
stant removal of the soldiers to a mili- 
tary post on an island in Boston Har- 
bor. The frightened governor re- 
moved them, and quiet was restored. 
But the "Boston Massacre," 
as it was called, was long remem- 
bered. 

17. The British ministry, with 
Lord North at their head, now concluded to lay an impost 
tax upon tea alone. They taxed a single article only 
to assert their right to tax the Americans. The 
colonists refused to pay it, and agreed not to buy any 
tea. 



Questions.— 13. What occurred in Boston in 1768? 14. What have you to say 
about the royal governors and the soldiers ? 15. Give an account of disturbances 
in Boston. 16. What did the citizens do ? 17. What did the British ministry do, 
and why ? What did the colonists do ? 




LORD NORTH. 



156 THE REVOLUTION. 



The "Regulators." Burning of the Gaspe. Stupidity of Ministers. 

18. In 1771, the home taxes in North Carolina were 
burdensome, owing to the extravagance of the royal 
governor. The people formed associations for the regula- 
tion of public affairs. These were called Regulators. 

19. The royal governor led soldiers into a district to assist 
the tax-gatherer in collecting the taxes. The Regulators met 
him. A battle ensued. The Regulators were defeated, and 
several of them were hanged. Hatred of royal rule 
there was intense ever afterwards. 

20. In 1772, a British vessel was in Narraganset Bay 
to enforce the collection of taxes. Her commander irritated 
the people, and on a stormy night in June, about sixty men, 
led by Captain Whipple, went in a boat and burned the 
vessel. 

21. Three years afterward, Sir James Wallace, in com- 
mand of a British vessel in the same waters, wrote a note 
to Captain Whipple, saying : " You, Abraham Whipple, 
on the 17th of June, 1772, burned his Majesty's vessel, the 
Gaspe, and I will hang you to the yard-arm." Whipple 
instantly replied : " Sir, — Always catch a man before you 
hang him." 

22. The English merchants, suffering a great loss of 
trade because the Americans refused to buy of them, 
asked their government to take off the obnoxious duties. 
Lord North, the British prime minister, persisted in retain- 
ing the tax on tea, but devised a plan which, he thought, 
would please the Americans. 



Questions.— 18. What can you tell about disturbances in North Carolina? 19. 
What can you tell about the royal governor and the Regulators in North Carolina ? 
20. Tell about the burning of a vessel in Narraganset Bay. 21. Give an account of a 
correspondence on the subject. 22. Tell about the action of English merchants. 
What did Lord North do ? 



158 THE REVOLUTION. 




cl Sail not 2'aken. Destruction of Tea. Boston ^Punished. 

23. The East India Company then brought all the tea 
from China. JVoHh made arrangements with them to sell 
their tea to the Americans at a sum less than the market 
price, which would be equal to the small impost tax. 

24. It was principle, not money, that the Americans 
were contending for. The tax was retained, and they re- 
fused to buy tea. They resolved 
not to allow a pound of it to be 
landed on their shores. 

25. Cargoes came to Boston 
harbor and remained there in de- 
fiance of public feeling. An im- 
mense concourse of people assem- 
bled at Faneuil Hall in December, 
1773, when it was resolved that the 

tea should be sent back. The ships remained. Disguised 
men went on board of them in the evening, broke open 
the tea-chests, and poured their contents into the waters 
of Boston harbor. 

26. The ministry proceeded to punish the people of Bos- 
ton. All public offices were removed from the city, and the 
harbor was closed against commerce. On the first of 
June, 1774, General Gage appeared with soldiers to enforce 
the decrees of his government. 

27. The whole country sympathized with the Bostonians. 
The leading patriots took energetic measures. At the sug- 
gestion of Samuel Adams, the Massachusetts patriots in 



Questions.— 23. What arrangement was made with the East India Company ? 24. 
What did the Americans contend for, and what did they do ? 25. Give an account of 
tea-ships in Boston harbor. 26. What did ministers do to the inhabitants of Boston ? 
27. What was the effect of these acts on the Americans f What did Samuel Adams 
propose ? 



TIE REVOLUTION. 



159 



Prevalence of the Union Idea. 



First Continental Congr*. 



council resolved to invite all the other colonies to choose 
men to meet in a general congress 
to consult upon public affairs. 

28. The idea of Union now took 
strong hold of the public mind in 
| America. The newspapers printed a 
device of a disjointed snake, each part 
representing a separate colony, with 
the words : " Unite or Die " — 
that is, the colonists must form a 
Union or become slaves. 
29. At the beginning of Septem- 
ber, 1774, delegates from all the colo- 
nies but Georgia assembled in Car- 
penter's Hall, in Philadelphia. 




SAMUEL ADAMS. 



That assembly is known as the First * 11 """ 1 '" 1 ■ ^■ ■■ •> ■■ ■■. ■■■ ■ ■■ . ■■■ f 1 . .. -inrnn i l 

^ SNAKE DEVICE. 

Continental Congress. 

30. Peyton Randolph of Virginia was chosen Presi- 
dent, and Charles Thomson of 
Pennsylvania, Secretary of the 
Congress. This was the first im- 
portant step toward the formation 
of the United States of Amer- 
ica. 

31. For fifty days that Congress 
was in session. Their wisdom and 
firmness astonished the statesmen 
of Europe. Their addresses to the King and Parliament 

Questions.— 28. What can you tell about the idea of Union ? 29. Give an account 
of a Continental Congress. 30. Who were the officers of the Congress, and what was 
it the first step towards ? 31. What have you to say about the session and the work 
of the Congress ? What did they resolve to do ? 




CARPENTER S HALL. 



160 THE DEVOLUTION. 




Second Continental Conr/ress. War for Independence Ser/un. 

form remarkable State papers. When they separated, 
they resolved to meet again the next 
spring, unless the grievances of the 
Americans should be redressed. 

32. The grievances were not re- 
dressed, but were aggravated. The 
second Continental Congress 
assembled in Carpenter's Hall, in 
Philadelphia, on the 10th of May, 
1775. Meanwhile a great Revolution 

° CHARLES THOMSON. 

had begun. British troops had 
forced the armed patriots into the war for indepen- 
dence, the history of which we will now consider. 

33. In this section we have considered— 

(1) the tendency toward independence; (2) the chief 
grievance of which the colonists complained ; (3) the em- 
ployment of soldiers to enforce the laws ; (4) the relations 
between the citizens and soldiers ; (5) various schemes 
of taxation ; (6) the acts and punishment of the inhabi- 
tants of Boston, and (7) the assembling of a Continen- 
tal Congress. 



Questions.— 32. What was done the next spring, and what was then hegun 1 33. 
What have we considered in this section ? 



THE REVOLUTION. j 61 



Minute-men. 2>7'ovincial Convention. Franklin** Jidyice. 



SECTION IT. 

FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 
[1775.] 

1. During the summer of 1774, the Americans prepared 
for war by military drilling and collecting supplies of arms 
and ammunition. A large body of men were enrolled, who 
were to be ready to go to the field at a minute's warning. 
These were called minute-men. 

2. These hostile measures, and the assertion, of the news- 
papers and the pulpit, that the people had a right to resist 
oppression, alarmed General Gage, who was governor of 
Massachusetts. He built fortifications across Boston JVecJc 
to prevent an attack from the patriots, and j)laced sentinels 
and cannon there. 

3. The Massachusetts patriots formed a Provincial Con- 
gress at Salem early in October. They took all political 
power into their own hands, and vigorously prepared for 
war. This was the first really independent govern- 
ment ever formed in America. 

4. The King and his advisers were amazed by these pro- 
ceedings. The attention of Parliament was called to the 
subject early in 1775. Dr. Franklin, then in England, 
said to the King's ministers : "Be just to the Americans 
and they will be loyal." Pitt proposed conciliatory measures. 
But the blinded ministers refused to act on good advice. 

Questions.— 1. What can you tell about preparations for war ? 2. What can you 
tell about the effect of these preparations ? 3. What did Massachusetts patriots do? 
4. What have you to say about the King and ministers and Dr. Franklin ? 



162 THE REVOLUTION, 



Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord. Patriots Flock to the Field. 

5. There were three thousand British soldiers in Boston 
in the spring of 1775. With these Gage felt strong. Hear- 
ing that the patriots were gathering ammunition and stores 
at Concord, a few miles from Boston, he sent out troops at 
midnight on the 18th of April to seize them. 

6. These troops, eight hundred in number, reached Lex- 
ington at daybreak on the 19th. There they found a body 
of minute-men to oppose them. A sharp skirmish fol- 
lowed, when eight patriots were killed and the rest were 
dispersed. 

7. The British pushed on to Concord, where they had 
another fight. Seeing the minute-men coming from all 
quarters, they hastily destroyed the stores and retreated 
toward Boston. They were assailed by the bullets of 
minute-men on the way, fired from behind fences and build- 
ings. The British lost two hundred and seventy-three men 
killed and wounded. 

8. The news that blood had been shed by British 
troops aroused the Americans everywhere. Hundreds of 
people, armed and unarmed, started for Boston. Before the 
end of May twenty thousand patriots, chiefly from New 
England, were there, building fortifications to keep the 
British in Boston. 

9. In other . colonies equally bold measures were taken. 
Arms and ammunition were seized by the people. Royal 
governors were plainly told that their services were not 
needed. Provincial governments were established 
by the people, who had resolved to fight for their rights. 

Questions.— 5. Give an account of affairs at Boston and vicinity in the spring of 
1775. 6. Give an account of the skirmish at Lexington. 7. Tell ahout a skirmish at 
Concord and retreat of the British. 8. What were the effects of these skirmishes ? 
9. What was done in other colonies ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 153 



Capture of Fort Ticonderoga . British 2'roops i?i Boston. 



10. On the day when the second Continental Congress 
met (May 10) New Englanders, led by Ethan Allen and 
Benedict Arnold, captured Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake 
Chajnplain. " By what authority do you demand the sur- 
render of this fort? " asked the commandant. " By that of 
the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," Allen 
replied. 

11. Meanwhile the Provincial Congress of Massachu- 
setts had placed all authority for conducting the war in the 
hands of a Committee of Safety. They appointed 
Artemas Ward commander-in-chief ; and important com- 
mands were given to Putnam, Starke, and other veterans 
of past wars. 

12. By the first of June British war-ships and soldiers 
had arrived at Boston, with eminent generals. There were 
then twelve thousand British troops in that city. Gage 
determined to attack the Americans, who were gath- 
ered chiefly at Cambridge. 

13. Expecting an attack, a thousand men were sent in the 
night from Cambridge to fortify Bunker's Hill. By 
mistake they went to Breed's Hill, not far off, and there, 
before morning, they had cast up a redoubt. 

14. The British, amazed by the appearance of that re- 
doubt at dawn on the 17th of June, fired upon it from the 
city and their ships. At noon three thousand troops, under 
General Howe, crossed over in boats to attack the redoubt. 

15. Twice, in a severe battle, the British were repulsed. 
At length the powder of the Americans was used up, when 

Questions.— 10. Tell about the capture of Ticonderoga. 11. What can you tell 
about the authorities of Massachusetts and preparations for war? 12. What have 
you to say about British soldiers in Boston ? 13. Tell of the redoubt built by the 
Americans. 14. What did the British in Boston do ? 15. Give an account of the bat- 
tle on Bunker's Hill. 



164 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Death of Warren. 



A Continental Army. 



they were driven from the redoubt, and General 
Joseph Warren was killed. Suppos- 
ing the eminence to be on Bunker's 
Hill, the battle was called by that 
name. The Bunker Hill Monu- 
ment stands on the site of the re- 
doubt. 

16. The Americans fled to Cam- 
bridge across Charleston Neck, 
gallantly covered by Putnam and a 
few brave men. All the American 

soldiers at Cambridge were soon afterward formed into a 
Continental Army, under a single 
general. 

were oc- 




JOSEPH WARREN. 



17. While these events 
curring in New Eng- 
land, the Revolution 
was rapidly progressing 




bunker's hell battle. 



MONUMENT. 



Questions.— 16. What did the Americans do? 17. What can you tell ahout the 
Revolution in Virginia and the doings of Patrick Henry? 



T&E REVOLUTION. 165 



Doings of Patrick Henry. Firmness of the Congress. 



elsewhere. As in Stamp Act times, so now, Patrick Henry 
was the leader of the Virginia patriots. At the head of 
minute-men, he compelled the royal governor [Bunmore) to 
give up gunpowder belonging to the people, which he had 
seized. 

18. In the back country of NoHh Carolina the patriots, 
in convention, had declared themselves independent of 
Great Britain. In South Carolina and Georgia they 
took the government into their own hands, and drove away 
the royal governors. 

19. At the beginning of this excitement the second Con- 
tinental Congress met (May 10) at Philadelphia. They 
were united in saying to the King : " Be just and we will 
lay down our arms. We have counted the cost of 
war, and find it not so dreadful as slavery. Be just, or 
we will fight your fleets and armies until we are a 
free people.' ' 

20. The Congress did not wait for the King's answer, but 
prepared for war. They voted to raise an army of twenty 
thousand men, and authorized the issue of $2,000,000 in 
paper money. On the 15th of June they appointed 
George Washington commander-in-chief of all the 
armies, with able assistant generals. On the 3d of July 
Washington went to Cambridge, and there, under the 
shadow of a great elm, he took command of the army. 

21. The Congress resolved to send an army to take pos- 
session of Canada. General Philip Schuyler 1 was placed 

Questions.— 18. What was done in North and South Carolina and Georgia ? 19, 
Tell about the assembling of a second Congress and their doings. 20. What else did 
the Congress do ? 21. What can you tell about preparations to invade Canada ? 

1 slci'-ler. 



166 



THE REVOLUTION. 




GENERAL SCHUYLER. 



Capture of St. Jo?in > s, Chamblee, and Montreal . 

in command of it, and late in August went down Lake 
Champlain and attempted to 
capture St. John's, on the Sorel, 1 
but failed. 

22. Falling back to Isle aux 
JVoiac, 2 in the Sorel, the North- 
ern army lay there some time. 
General Schuyler becoming sick, 
General Richard Montgomery, 
his lieutenant, took the chief com- 
mand. He besieged St. Johrts, 
and captured it on the 3d of November. 

23. Meanwhile a detachment of Americans under Col- 
onel Bedel, 3 and Major Livingston 
captured Fort Chamblee,* at the foot 
of the Sorel rapids. At about the 
same time Colonel Ethan Allen, with 
a few men, attempted to capture Mon- 
treal; 5 he and his followers were de- 
feated and made prisoners. Allen 
was sent to England in irons. 

24. From St. John's, Montgom- 
ery pushed on to Montreal, and cap- 
tured the city on the 13th of November. Then he hastened 
toward Quebec to meet Colonel Benedict Arnold, who, he 
was informed, was approaching the city from the wilderness. 
25. That march, of Arnold was a marvellous exploit. 




GENERAL MONTGOMERY. 



• Questions.— 22. What did the patriot army do ? 23. What can you tell ahout Port 
Chamblee and an attempt to take Montreal ? 24. What did Montgomery do ? 25. 
Give an account of Arnold's march through the wilderness. 



1 sor-el'. 2 eel-H-noo'ah. * be-deV. * sham'-bd. * mont-re-awl'. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



167 



sir no Id's Expedition into Canada. 



Siege of Quebec. 



He crossed the wilderness by way of the Kennebec 1 and 
Chaudiere 2 rivers, with about a thousand men. They trav- 
ersed dark forests and tangled morasses filled with snow and 
ice. They suffered dreadfully from cold, hunger and fa- 
tigue, and appeared at Point Levi, opposite Quebec, on the 
9th of November. 

26. Arnold crossed the river, ascended to the Plains 
of Abraham, and demanded the surrender of the city to 
him. The demand was refused. He could not enforce it. 
Marching up the St. Lawrence about twenty miles, he there 
met Montgomery on the 1st of December. 

27. The united troops now marched directly for Quebec. 
For three weeks they besieged the city, in the midst of 
fearful snow-storms. At length Montgomery determined 
to force his way into the town through one of the gates. 

28. Montgomery divided his army. He led a part of 
them on the St. Lawrence side of the town, and Arnold led 

another division on the St. diaries side. 
They were to meet, and force Prescott 
gate. While pressing forward at the head 
of his men, to attack a battery, at dawn on 
the 31st of December, Montgomery was 
killed. 

29. Arnold was wounded. After a 
combat of several hours, and the capture of 
many of his troops, Arnold, who was now 
chief in command, withdrew, and with the little army re- 

Questions.— 26. What did Arnold do at Quebec ? 27. What can you tell about be- 
ginning the siege of Quebec 1 28. Tell about an attempt to force an entrance into 
Quebec. 29. What can you tell about Arnold and the army at Quebec ? 




WALLS OP QUEBEC. 



ken-ne-bek' 



sho-de-ehr*. 



168 TSE REVOLUTION. 



Americans Driven out of Canada. Military Operations in Virginia. 

raained near Quebec, behind ramparts of snow, all winter. 
He was relieved by General Wooster in the spring. 

30. The British at Quebec were strongly reinforced in 
the spring of 1776, and the patriots were all driven out 
of Canada before the middle of June. 

31. In Virginia the patriots were more successful. 
After Governor Dunmore had been driven to the shelter of 
British war-ships, he collected a motley force of royalists, 
and began to desolate Southwestern Virginia. 

32. The minute-men gathered in large numbers to oppose 
him. At the Great Bridge, near the Dismal Swamp, 
they fought a severe battle on the 9th of December. Dun- 
more was defeated and driven to his ships at Norfolk. 
In revenge he burnt that city on the 1st of January, 
1776. 

33. The minute-men of Culpepper County had a flag 
with a snake device different from the one in the newspapers. 
It was the picture of a rattlesnake coiled, 
ready to bite. Under it were the significant 
words: " Don't tread on me!" It 
meant to say, " I have dangerous fangs." 
It also bore the words of Patrick Henry : 
"Liberty or Death." 




34. Circumstances now drew a strong line of distinction 
between the friends and the opponents of the British gov- 
ernment. The loyalists were called Tories; the patriots 
were called Whigs. 

35. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The preparations of the Americans for ivar ; (2) 

Questions.— 30. What occurred in the spring of 1776 ? 31. What can you tell 
about Governor Dunmore in Virginia ? 32. What did the minute-men do ? What 
can you tell about a battle and firing of a city ? 33. Give an account of the flag of the 
Culpepper minute-men. 34. What can you tell about parties ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 



160 



Hills of Credit, or Continental Money 



the effect of these preparations ; (3) the skirmish at Lex- 
ington ; (4) the gathering of patriots near Boston ; (5) 
revolutionary movements in the Carolinas and Georgia ; 
(6) the capture of Ticonderoga and the Battle of Bun- 
ker's Hill ; (7) the formation of a continental army ; (8) 
the appointment of Washington to the chief command ; 
and (9) military operations in Canada and Virginia. 



SECTION III. 



SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



[1776.] 




;^»f^| 



Six &D££m§. rSJS I 

T^HIS BiU e*tuU* tL *-?£_■ 

A Beare-p to -receive <^^< ™ 
SIX SPANISH MILLED 
DOLLARS, or tV 
Value thereof inUOLD 
r £ ILVER- tttf ord m?" t c 
a Resolution of COA£ 

\v.delph\a Nov-z-iy/G- 

(J d^aAJlCYhy 



assays? 





A BILL OF CREDIT, OR CONTINENTAL MONEY. 

1. We have observed that the Continental Congress 
authorized the issuing of bills of credit, or paper money. 



Questions.— 35. What have we considered in this section? 
Questions.— 1. What have you to say ahout bills of credit ? 



no 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Opening Scenes of the "Revolution. 




THE REVOLUTION. T7I 



Preparations for the Great Struggle. Continental Vessels. 

These bills were very rude in appearance when compared 
with our present paper money. 

2. The people received these bills freely at first, for they 
promised the holder gold or silver in exchange for them. 
That promise could not be met, and in time the bills be- 
came worthless. They answered a good purpose at the 
time, in helping the colonists to gain their independence. 

3. In the autumn of 1775 the British Parliament de- 
clared the American patriots to be rebels, and prepared a 
heavy force of ships and soldiers to make war on them. 
They also hired several thousand German soldiers to fight 
the Americans, and these were sent over the Atlantic in 
the spring of 1776. 

4. The Americans prepared to meet their foes. The 
Congress authorized the building of vessels of war, 
and also privateering, and very soon there were many 
armed vessels on the ocean committing depredations on 
British commerce. 

5. Washington felt the necessity of striking an 
effectual blow for the liberties of his country at once. 
So did the Congress. Both worked for the expulsion of 
the British from Boston. 

6. As Washington could not leave the army, Mrs. 
Washington joined him at Cambridge in December. She 
arrived there, with her son, Mr. Custis, and his wife, on the 
11th of December, and passed the winter there. 

7. At the beginning of 1776, Washington had fourteen 
thousand men. With these he prosecuted the siege of 

Questions.— 2. What can you tell about the people receiving bills of credit and their 
use ? 3. Tell about the British making preparations for war. 4. What did the 
Americans do ? 5. What have you to say about Washington and the Congress? 6. 
What can you tell about Mrs. Washington ? 7. What can you tell about the American 
army, and the British proposing to leave Boston ? 




HP 



THE REVOLUTION. 



173 



Encampment on Boston Common. 



-A 



\/%A!i«i|fj,. 




Boston with vigor. General Howe, in command of the 
British there, perceiving his danger, proposed to leave the 



174 THE REVOLUTION. 



The "British leave Boston. Zee Foils Clinton. Washington at JVen> York. 

city and harbor, with his ships and troops, if Washington 
would allow him to do so quietly. 

8. Washington consented, and on Sunday, the 17th of 
March, the British army, with many Tories, sailed from 
Boston for Halifax, in Nova Scotia. Congress caused a 
gold medal to be presented to Washington in commemora- 
tion of the evacuation of Boston. 

9. One of Howe's best lieutenants was General Sir 
Henry Clinton. He left Boston 
several weeks before the evacuation, 
with ships and troops. Washing- 
ton suspected that he was going to 
attack the city of New York, and 
sent General Charles Lee, a fiery 
soldier, to raise troops in Connecti- 
cut, and hasten to the defence of the 
menaced city. 

GENERA CHARLES LEE. jq ^ worke d vigOrOUSly, aild six 

weeks before the evacuation of Boston, he was encamped, 
with twelve hundred men, near New York, watching for 
Clinton. That general had heard of Lee's movement, and 
sailed southward to attack Charleston, South Carolina. 

11. Suspecting that Howe, also, had sailed for New York, 
Washington led his army to that city, leaving a sufficient 
number of troops at Boston to prevent the return of the 
British. At New York the American army was in- 
creased, and Washington built fortifications there and on 
the Hudson River. 

Questions.— 8. Tell about the evacuation of Boston. 9. What can you tell about 
the movements of Generals Clinton and Lee ? 10. What more can you tell about 
Clinton and Lee ? 11. What did Washington suspect and do ? 




THE REVOLUTION. 175 




A "Battle in Charleston Harbor. The British defeated there. 

12. On the coast of North Carolina, Clinton was 
joined by a fleet under Sir Peter Parker, and early in June 
the combined forces appeared at the entrance of Charles- 
ton Harbor. On Sullivan's island, within that harbor, the pa- 
triots had a nearly completed fort, garrisoned by five hun- 
dred men, under Colonel William 

Moultrie. 1 

13. The patriots hastened to 
arm their fort well with cannon, 
and when Clinton landed his troops 
on Long Island, which is separated 
from Sullivan's by a shallow strait, 
they were ready to receive him. 
Lee arrived at Charleston on the 

GENERAL MOULTRIE. 

same day on which Clinton landed. 

14. While Clinton's troops were trying in vain to reach 
the fort from Long Island, Parker sailed into the harbor 
and opened a heavy fire upon the patriots on the 28th of 
June. The storm of cannon-balls was terrible, but did 
not do much harm, for the fort was built of soft palmetto 
logs. 

15. The garrison answered the assault so vigorously that, 
after a conflict of ten hours, the British ships were dread- 
fully shattered. They were compelled to withdraw. 
Clinton placed his troops on some of them, and they all 
sailed for New York. 

16. The work so gallantly defended was named Fort 

Questions.— 12. What can you tell about Clinton on the North Carolina coast and 
a fort in Charleston harbor ? 13. What did the patriots do ? 14. What did the British 
ships do ? 15. What was the result of the attack on the fort ? 16. What can you tell 
of the name of a fort and a brave deed there ? 

1 mool-W. 



116 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Resolution in favor of Independence Passed. 




STATE HOUSE. 



Moultrie. During the battle the flag-staff was shot away, 
and the flag fell outside of the fort. A sergeant named 
Jasper climbed down while the balls were flying thickly, 
picked up the flag, and placed it on a temporary staff. It 
was kept flying during the rest of the battle. 

17. The Continental Congress, sitting in the State House 

at- Philadelphia, now took an 
important step. On the 7th of 
June, 1776, Richai*d Henry 
Lee, of Virginia, offered a 
resolution that the colonies 
were, and ought to be, free 
and independent States. 
18. For almost a month the 
Congress had this subject under consideration. On the 2d of 
July the resolution was adopted, and 
on the 4th of July a Declaration of 
Independence was made. 

19. This Declaration was at that 
time signed by only John Hancock, 
the President of Congress. In the 
course of a few months it received the 
signatures of fifty-two other mem- 
bers of that body. This laid the foun- 
dation of our republic, with the title, 
The United States of America. 

20. There were great rejoicings throughout the country 
when this Declaration was proclaimed. In the city of New 




JOHN HANCOCK. 



Questions. — 17. What was done in the Continental Congress ? 18. What can you 
tell about a resolution for and declaration of independence ? 19. What can you tell 
about the signing of the Declaration ? 20. What can you tell about rejoicings and the 
destruction of a statue and royal arms ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 177 



Statue of the King "Pulled Down. The British Army near JVew York. 

York, citizens and soldiers pulled down the leaden 
statue of King George. It was broken in pieces and 
cast into bullets. In various places the royal arms were 
taken from public buildings and burned. 

21.. At about the time the Declaration of Independence 
was being considered, General Howe was making his way 
toward New York with a large body of troops. These were 
landed on Staten Island on the 2d of July. 

22# Howe was joined by Clinton, who came from the 
South on the 11th, and by his brother, Lord Howe, with a 
fleet, on the 12th. Very soon afterward a large number of 
the hired German troops joined the British. They were 
chiefly from Hesse-Cassel, 1 and were called Hessians, 2 

23. The British were now threatening New York with 
thirty thousand veteran troops. Washington had, for its 
defence, only seventeen thousand, 
mostly militia. General Sullivan 
was in a fortified camp at Brooklyn 
with a few troops. 

24. On the 26th of August, ten 
thousand British troops and forty 
pieces of cannon were landed on the 
western end of Long Island, and 
moved toward Brooklyn. Wash- general putnam. 
ington sent General Putnam with some troops to reinforce 
Sullivan and take the chief command. 

25. There were now about five thousand American sol- 

Questions— 21. Give an account of the arrival of British troops near New York. 
22. By whom was General Howe joined ? 23. What can you tell about British troops 
and General Sullivan ? 24. What did the Briti-h do ? What did Washington do ? 

1 hess-cas'-sel. - hes'-she-ans. 




178 



THE REVOLUTION. 




BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 



Battle on Long Island. "Battle on Harlem Plains and on White Plains. 

diers on Long Island. The British pressed forward, and 
on the 27th of August a very severe battle was fought 

near Brooklyn. The Americans 
were defeated with heavy loss. 

26. Early on the mornjng of 
the 30th of August, the American 
troops on Long Island, under the 
cover of a thick fog, passed over 
to New York unobserved by 
the enemy. The British pre- 
pared to follow, when Washing- 
ton left New York and took a strong position upon Har- 
lem Heights, near the northern end of Manhattan Island. 

27. The British crossed over and took possession of 
the city of New York. They proceeded to attack the 
Americans in their new position, and were defeated in a 
sharp battle on Harlem Plains, on the 16th of Septem- 
ber. 

28. Howe now determined to get in the rear of Wash- 
ington. He went up the East River and 
landed his troops in Westchester County. 
The Americans also went into Westches- 
ter County, leaving a garrison in Fort 
Washington, a strong work on the high- 
est hill near Harlem Heights. 

29. The two armies met at White 
Plains, and there had a sharp battle on the 30th of October. 
The Americans were defeated and retreated north- 




FORT WASHINGTON. 



Questions.— 25. What have you to say about troops and a battle ? 26. Give an 
account of the escape of American troops and their new position. 27. Give an ac- 
count of a battle. 28- What did Howe determine to do ? What did he and the Amer- 
icans do ? 29. Tell about another battle and its results. 




DISMAL SV\'§^^> 



180 THE REVOLUTION. 




THE JERSEY PRISON-SHIP. 



Capture of Foi't Washington. Was hint/ton Chased by Cornwallis. 

ward. On the 4th of November, Washington crossed the 
Hudson River into New Jersey with the greater portion of 
his army, and joined General Greene at Fort Lee, opposite 
Fort Washington. 

30. Hessians, under General Knyphausen, 1 and some 
English troops now crossed the Harlem River, and after 
a severe conflict on the 16th of November, captured Fort 
Washington. Two thousand Americans were made 
prisoners. They suffered 
much, and many died, in 
the prisons in New 
York, and prison ships 
near Brooklyn. 

3 1 . Lord Cornwallis, 
one of Hoive's best gen- 
erals, followed Washington across the Hudson, and chased 
him to Trenton, on the Delaware River. Washington 
crossed that river on the 8th of December, with less than 
three thousand men. 

32. This was a dark hour in the history of our country. 
But Washington was hopeful. Believing that Cornwallis 
intended to seize Philadelphia, the Congress, sitting in 
that city, fled to Baltimore, in alarm, leaving a Committee 
to deal immediately with the army. 

33. Cornwallis did not cross the Delaware. He placed 
the army in "winter quarters on its borders, and returned 
to New York. The Hessians were at Trenton. Wash- 



Qttestions.— 30. Give an account of the capture of Fort Washington and the 
prisons. 31. What can you tell about Cornwallis and Washington ? 32. What have 
you to say about the time, and Washington and Congress ? 33. What did Cornwallis 
do? 

1 nip-haw '-zen. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



181 




BATTLE AT TRENTON. 



Sattte at Trenton. Washington a Dictator. Cormrallis at 2 J rinceton. 

ington, having received reinforcements, resolved to attack 
them there. 

34. On Christmas night Washington crossed the river 
in boats, among floating ice, a few miles above lixnton. 
At dawn the next morning (Dec. 26) he attacked the 
Hessians at Trenton. They were defeated. Their 

commander was killed, and a 
thousand of them were made 
prisoners. Washington then 
re-crossed the river. 

35. This victory encouraged 
the people. The Congress gave 
the powers of a Dictator to 
Washington to do as he 
pleased for six months. His army was strengthened and he 
resolved to drive the British out of New Jersey. 
So he crossed the Delaware again and formed a camp at 
Trenton. Covnwallis had hastened back to his army, 
and brought with him German and British soldiers, and 
formed a camp at Princeton, ten miles from the Delaware. 
36, In this section we have considered — 
(1) The issue of Bills of Credit; (2) the preparations 
for war on both sides of the Atlantic ; (3) the evacuation 
of Boston ; (4) the care for New York ; (5) the repulse of 
the British at Chai*leston ; (6) the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence ; (7) the possession of New York and its vicinity 
by the British ; (8) the flight of Washington to the Dela- 
ware and of the Congress to Baltimore, and (9) the victory 
at Trenton. 



Questions.— 34. Give, an account of Washington's attack at Trenton. 35. What 
was the effect of the victory ? What did Congress, Washington, and Cornwallis do? 
36. What have we considered in this section ? 



182 THE REVOLUTION. 



The "British Ministry and the Congress. 



SECTION IV. 

THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 
[1777.] 

1. The British ministry and the parliament did not seem 
to comprehend the character of the Americans. They 
seemed to think that thirty thousand troops would frighten 
them into submission. They were amazed at the obstinate 
courage of the "rebels." Feeling sure that a few more 
troops would crush the rebellion, they prepared to send 
them. 

2. The Congress comprehended the power and the weak- 
ness of Great Britain. They knew that her haughty 
pride had offended other nations, and 
that France longed for an opportunity 
to humble her. 

3. So the Congress sent Commission- 
ers to ask the King of France to help 
the Americans in their struggle for 
independence. Silas Deane was first £|\|f5|J!^SI^^^ : ' 
sent. He was joined at Paris by Dr. ^ deane 
Franklin and Arthur Lee. The King 

was made to see in this war an opportunity of depriving 
the British realm of more domain in America than the 
English had won from France. He therefore consented to 
help the patriots secretly. 

Questions.— 1. What have you to say about the British ministry and parliament ? 
2. What about the knowledge of the Congress ? 3. What did, the Congress do ? Who 
were sent as commissioners to France, and what was the nature and effect of their 
mission ? 




THE REVOLUTION. 



183 



Plan for a National Government. 



The Americans in 'Peril. 




DB, FRANKLIN, 



4. Meanwhile the subject of a permanent national 
government had engaged the attention of the Congress. 
Dr. Franhliib had submitted a plan of government as early 
as 1775. Early in 1777 a more per- 
fected plan for a National league 
was laid before the Congress. It was 
finally adopted. It was, however, 
several years before the scheme of 
government known as The Articles 
of Confederation was adopted by 
the several colonies. 

5. We left the American and 
British armies in New Jersey, near 
each other. Washington had five thousand men at Tren- 
ton on the first of January, 1777. Cornwallis marched 
from Princeton on the 2d, with a larger force to attack 
him. 

6. Washington saw his peril. He lighted his camp-fires, 
and at midnight he stole away silently with his troops 
and cannon, and marched rapidly to Princeton. 

7. Cornwallis was persuaded that he might easily capture 
Washington and his army in the morning. He was aston- 
ished and mortified when he found they had escaped. He 
heard the firing of cannon, and mistook the noise for thun- 
der. " Thunder in a clear winter sky ! " exclaimed one of 
his officers. " Washington has outgeneralled us! 
You hear his cannon at Princeton !" 

8. Washington had attacked a strong guard at Prince- 



Questions.— 4. What have you to say about a national government ? 5. What can 
you tell about the American and British armies in New Jersey ? 6. What did Wash- 
ington do ? 7. What have you to say about Cornwallis ? 

1 corn-wal'-lis. 



184 



THE REVOLUTION. 



"Battle at Princeton. 



Washington's Operations in New Jersey. 



\RockyEiU Af 




ton at sunrise, and in a severe battle had gained a vie 
tory. But he lost the brave General 
Mercer. Convwallis hastened toward 
Princeton. When he arrived, Wash- 
ington and his men were far on their 
way toward Morristown, in East 
Jersey. 

9. From this hill-country, where he 
recruited his army, Washington sent 
out parties to attack the British and 
armed Tories, and very soon they were 
driven out of New Jersey, excepting at 
two places. The Congress now re- 
turned to Philadelphia. 

10. It was almost June before the campaign of 1777 was 
really begun. Neither party had been idle, meanwhile. In 
March and April British and Hessian troops had de- 
stroyed American stores at PeeksJcill, on the Hud- 
son, and burned Danbury, in Connecticut. 

1 1 . General Tryon, who had been governor of New York, 
led the troops to Danbilry from vessels in which they went 
up Long Island Sound,. The Connecticut people were 
aroused. Led by Generals Arnold, Wooster, and Silli- 
man, they fought the marauders near Mdgefield, on 
the 27th of April. 

12. In that engagement General Wooster was killed. 



BATTLE AT PRINCETON. 



Questions.— 8. Tell about the battle at Princeton. 9. What did Washington do in 
the hill-country of New Jersey ? 10. What have you to say about the beginning of 
the campaign ? What did the British do ? 11. What can you tell about Tryon's ex- 
pedition into Connecticut ? 



1 The little building in the corner of this map is a view of the house in which 
General Mercer died. 



THE REVOLUTION. 185 



Retaliation. iPlan of the British Ministry. Burr/oyne and Howe. 

Try on was defeated and driven back to his ships with a loss 
of almost three hundred men. 

13. The Americans retaliated. Toward the close of 
May a party under Colonel Meigs crossed Long Island 
Sound to Sag Harbor, and burned a dozen British 
vessels there, and carried off ninety prisoners. 

14. The British had held possession of Rhode Island 
for several months. General Prescott, their commander, was 
a tyrant, and the people were much irritated by his conduct. 
On a warm night in July, Colonel Barton, of Providence, 
and some others, went across the Bay to PrescoWs quarters, 
seized him in his bed, and carried him away a prisoner. 

15. The Bri tish ministry had formed a plan for sepa- 
rating New England from the rest of the colonies, 
by taking military possession of the Hudson Valley and 
Lake Champlain. They tried to effect it in 1777. 

16. For that purpose, a large force under General Bur- 
goyne, 1 then in Canada, assembled at St. Johns, pre- 
paratory to a movement up Lake Champlain and so into 
the Valley of the Hudson. General Howe was to send 
a force up the Hudson River to co-operate with Bur- 
goyne. 

17. For a long time Washington (who had about ten 
thousand men under him at Middlebrook in New Jersey), 
was uncertain as to the intention of Howe. The latter, with a 
large army at New Brunswick, tried to draw Washington 

Questions.— 12. What have you to say about General Wooster and the defeat of 
Tryon ? 13. How did the Americans retaliate ? 14. What occurred on Rhode Island ? 
15. What plan had the British ministry formed, and for what purpose ? 16. What 
was done and to be done ? 17. What can you tell about Washington and Howe in 
New Jersey and at New York ? 



186 THE REVOLUTION. 




Movements of "Burgojne and Hone. Washington at T*/iitadelphia. 

into battle. Then he suddenly withdrew his troops from 
New Jersey, and encamped them on Staten Island. 

18. Bingoyne 1 went up Lake Champlain? Early in 
July he took possession of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, 
and spread terror over northern New York and New Eng- 
land. At the same time Howe embarked 
eighteen thousand troops in British ships 
which were in New York harbor, and 
seemed to be preparing to ascend the 
Hudson. 

19. Suddenly the British fleet sailed 
southward. Washington was satisfied 
that the troops were destined to attack N 

1 GENERAL LAFAYETTE. 

Philadelphia. With the greater por- 
tion of his army he hastened to that city, where he was met 
by young Lafayette? who had come from France to fight 
for the Americans. 

20. Lafayette was a French nobleman who had just 
married a beautiful girl. He had heard of the struggle 
for freedom in America, and he determined to help the 
patriots. His friends tried to keep him at home, but his 
wife, generous as he, consented to his departure. He was 
commissioned a general, and served our cause faithfully. 

21. The Americans had built forts on the Delaware 
River, below Philadelphia, and put obstructions called 
chevaux-de-frise 4 in the stream. Howe could not safely 
pass up that river, so he went around to Chesapeake Bay, 
and landed his troops at the head of it, near Elkton, on the 
25th of August. 

Questions.— 18. What did Burgoyne and Howe do ? 19. What can you tell ahout 
a British fleet and the movements of Washington ? What about Lafayette ? 20. Give 
an account of Lafayette. 21. What can you tell about forts on the Delaware and the 
movements of Howe ? 

1 bur-goin'. a sham-plane'. * lah-fa-et', * shev'-o-de-frees'. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



187 



'Battle on the Brandy nine. 



Movements of the Armies. 



22. Washington had marched from Philadelphia to 
meet General Howe. On the Brandywine Creek, several 
miles above Wilmington, the American and British 




BATTLE AT THE BRANDYWINE. 



armies had a severe battle on the 11th of September. The 
British were victorious. The Americans lost, in 
killed, wounded and prisoners, about twelve hundred men. 
The British loss was about eight hundred. 

23. Washington and his thinned ranks retreated to 
Philadelphia. After his soldiers had rested a little, he 
recrossed the Schuylkill 1 to meet the approaching British 
army and to protect his stores at Reading. On the 16th of 
September the two armies met and skirmished twenty miles 
west of Philadelphia. 



Questions.— 22. What did Washington do ? Tell about a battle. 
Washington and his troops do ? What then occurred ? 



23. What did 



sIcool'-JcU. 



188 THE REVOLUTION. 



Affair at Paoli Tavern, Capture of Forts on the Delaware. 

24. General Wayne was hanging on the rear of the 
British, with a considerable force. On the night of the 
20th he was surprised by a fierce attack near the Paoli 1 
tavern, and lost about three hundred men. Three days 
afterward Howe crossed the Schuylkill, at JVorristown, 
and marched toward Philadelphia. 

25. On the 18th, when the British were approaching 
Philadelphia, the Congress adjourned. They reassembled 
at Lancaster on the 27th, and on the same day adjourned to 
York, on the other side of the Susquehanna River— a 
place of greater safety, as they thought. There they re- 
mained several months. 

26. Howe encamped at Gennantown, four miles from 
Philadelphia, and prepared to make that city his winter 
quarters. It was important for the British to possess the 
forts and remove the obstructions below Philadelphia, that 
they might receive supplies by water. 

27. One of these works, on an island, was called Fort 
Mifflin. The other, on the New Jersey shore, was called 
Fort Mercer. They were attacked late in September, and 
were finally captured early in November, when the obstruc- 
tions were removed, and British ships went up to Phila- 
delphia. 

28. When Washington heard that Howe had sent a 
part of his army against the Delaware forts, he attacked him 
at Gennantown on the 4th of October. After a severe 
conflict for several hours, the patriots were beaten, 

Questions.— 24. What can yon tell abont Wayne and his command ? What did 
Howe do ? 25. What have you to say about the Congress ? 26. What did Howe do, 
and what was important to be done ? 27. What can you tell about the forts on the 
Delaware ? 28. What can you tell about a battle at Gennantown and the winter 
quarters of the American army ? 

1 pah-o'-lee. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



189 



Encampment at Yaltey Forge. 



Ticonderor/a Evacuated. 




BATTLE AT GERMANTOWN. 



General St. Clair, 



with heavy loss, and retreated to White Marsh. Later in 
the season they marched to Valley 
Forge, where they encamped until 
spring, suffering dreadfully from 
cold and hunger. 

29. While these events were 
occurring in Pennsylvania, more 
important ones were taking place in 
Northern New York. Burgoyne 
and his well-armed force caused 
who commanded Ticoncleroga, to 

retreat from that post on the night of the 5th of 

July. 

30. The Americans fled toward Fort Edward, through 
Vermont, closely pursued by British and Hessian soldiers. 
They were overtaken at Hnbbard^ton on the 8th, when a 
sharp battle occurred- The Americans were beaten 
and dispersed, and in remnants 
made their way to Fort Edward. 

31. At the same time the stores 
which St. Clair had sent up the 
lake in boats to Skenesborough 
(now Whitehall) were overtaken 
by another pursuing party and de- 
stroyed. 

32. General Schuyler was then 
in command of the Northern Department. His force was 
small, and was composed chiefly of raw militia. In the 




GENERAL ST. CLAIR. 



Questions.— 29. Give an account of events in Northern New York. 30. What did 
the Americans and British do? Give an account of a battle. 31. What have you to 
say about the destruction of stores ? 32. What have you to say about General 
Schuyler and his army ? 



190 THE REVOLUTION. 



Schuyler's Opera/ions. Battle at ISennington. 



loss of Ticonderoga he had been deprived of two hun- 
dred pieces of cannon and much provision. 

33. Schuyler's army was too weak to warrant him in 
giving battle to Burgoyne. He could only impede his 
march toward the Hudson. For this purpose parties were 
sent out to destroy bridges and fell trees across the roads 
on the line of Burgoyne' s march. In this way he was 
prevented from reaching Fort Edward until the close of 
July. 

34. Meanwhile Schuyler retreated slowly down the Val- 
ley of the Hudson to the mouth of the Mohaivk River, 
followed as slowly by Burgoyne. When the latter had 
almost reached Saratoga, his provisions were nearly ex- 
hausted, and he sent a force into Vermont to seize some 
stores belonging to the Americans at Bennington. There 
the invaders were attacked by a force under General Starke, 
on the 16th of August, and after a sharp battle the British 
were defeated. 

35. In this battle the invaders lost a thousand men. It 
was a severe blow for Burgoyne. It encouraged the 
Americans, who now began to flock to Schuyler's camp. 
At this point in the campaign, when the tide was turning 
in favor of the patriots, General Gates succeeded Schuyler 
in the command of the Northern Army. 

36. While Burgoyne was pressing slowly down the Hud' 
son Valley, Colonel St. Leger, 1 a British soldier, whom 
he had sent for the purpose, was making his way from 
Oswego to the Mohawk Valley, with orders to meet Bur- 

Questions— 33. What did General Schuyler do and effect ? 34. What can you tell 
ahout a march down the Hudson Valley and an expedition to Bennington ? 35. What 
was the result of the hattle at Bennington ? What change in command was made ? 
36. What can you tell about an invasion of the Mohawk Valley? 

1 Uh-sha'. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



191 




JOSEPH BEANT. 



Battle of Oriskany. Siege of Fort Schuyler. Americans at Stillwater. 

goyne at Albany. The militia of the valley gathered under 
General Herkimer 1 to defend it. 
37. St. Leger led a motley host of Tories and Indians. 
The latter were led by Brant, the 
great Mohawk chief. At Oriska- 
ny? on the Mohawk, they encoun- 
tered Herkimer, and a severe battle 
was fought on the 6th of August. 
Herkimer was mortally wounded, 
and his followers were beaten. 

38. At the same time St. Leger 
was besieging Fort Schuyler, 
on the site of Rome. When General 
Schuyler heard of this siege, he sent 
some volunteers under General Arnold to relieve the garri- 
son. Hearing of his approach, St. Leger and his savages 
fled back to Oswego. 

39. This failure was another sore disappointment to 
Burgoyne. He could not retreat ; to advance would be 
perilous. He cautiously crossed the Hudson at Saratoga, 
and formed a fortified camp on the hills there. 

40. Gates was now with his army at Stillwater, where 
he caused his camp to be fortified under the direction of 
Kosciuszko, 8 a brave Polander, who, like Lafayette, had 
come over the sea to help the Americans. 

41. Burgoyne moved forward, and on the morning of 
the 19th of September the belligerents met in battle on 

QUESTIONS.-37. What have you to say about St. Leger's force and a battle ? 38. 
What can you tell about a siege and the driving away of the besiegers? 39. What 
have you to say about Burgoyne and his movements ? 40. Where was General Gates 
and his army ? Who fortified his camp ? 

1 her'-U-mer. 2 o-risk' -a-ne. 3 Icoh-zooz'-ko. 



192 



THE REVOLUTION. 




KOSCITTSZKO. 



Capture of Forts in the Hudson Highlands. s± Marauding Expedition. 

Bemis' Heights, and fought all day. Both parties claimed 
a victory. Burgoyne fell back to 
his camp, where he resolved to wait 
for a British force, under General 
Sir Henry Clinton, which he ex- 
pected would be sent up the Hud- 
son. 

42. Clinton tried to fulfill the 
promise. He went with ships and 
soldiers to the Hudson Highlands, 
and there captured Forts Clinton 
and Montgomery on the 6th of October. 

43. Then a large party of soldiers went up the river in 
ships to desolate the country with 
fire and sword, with the hope that 
troops might be drawn from the 
army of Gates to defend it, and so 
give Burgoyne a better chance for 
success. These marauders burned 
Kingston, and extended their 
raid to Livingston's Manor, 
where they heard of such disasters 
above, that they hastened back to 
New York. 

44. Burgoyne again ventured to advance toward Bemis' 
Heights early in October. In a hard conflict that ensued 
on the 7th of October he was beaten, and on the 17th of the 




BEMIS HEIGHTS. 



Questions.— 41. What can you tell about a battle ? What did Burgoyne do ? 42. 
What did General Clinton do ? 43. What can you tell about a marauding expedition 
up the Hudson ? 44. What can you tell about another battle and the surrender of 
British troops ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 



103 



Surrender of Sttrgqy tie's c4rtiry. 



same month he surrendered his whole army, almost 
six thousand in number, into the hands of the Americans. 

45. This was a most im- 
portant victory for the pa- 
triots. It made the Americans 
very hopeful. European govern- 
ments, satis- 
fied that the 
Americans 
would secure 




r — 

-'MASS, 




GENERAL, BURGOYNE. 



the indepen- 
dence of their 
country, were 
now willing to 
help them. 

The King of France resolved to 
aid them openly. 

46. In this section we 
have considered — 

(1) The opinions of the con- 
tending parties of each other's 
strength and weakness ; (2) the 
appeal of the Americans for 
foreign aid; (3) the attempts 
to form a national govern- 
ment; (4) the military ope- 
rations in New Jersey, Penn- 
sylvania and Northern New York in 1777 ; and (5) the 
effects of the captive of Burgoyne and his army. 



BEGINNING OP BURGOYNE'S INVASION. 



Questions. -^45. What have you to say about the victory and its 
have we considered in this section ? 



effects ? 46. What 



194 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Americans Encamped at "Valley Forge. 



Their Sufferings there. 



SECTION V. 



FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



[1778.] 

1, Twenty miles northwest from Philadelphia \& a little 
valley that opens upon a wide plain, through which flows 
the Schuylkill river. On a little stream in that valley, 
more than a hundred years ago, was a forge. It was called 
the valley forge, and after awhile the region was called 
Valley Forge. 

2, To that valley Washington 
led his troops from his encampment 
at Whitemarsh, through the snows 
of December, and there placed them 
in log-huts for the winter. The sol- 
diers suffered dreadfully on their 
march and in their huts, for want of 
food and clothing. Many of them 
were hare- footed ; and their foot- 
prints on that march were marked 
by blood from their wounded feet. 

3, In the spring news reached 
that suffering army that French 
ships and soldiers were coming 

to help the Americans. This news created great joy. The 
Americans had asked the Prencli to help them. They 
did so, secretly. When the capture of Burgoyne showed 




ENCAMPMENT AT VALLE V FOKGE. 



Questions.— 1. What can you tell about Valley Forge? 2. What can you tell 
about events at Valley Forge ? 3. What good news reached the troops at Valley 
Forge ? Give an account of the alliance with the French. 



"THE REV6LITTI61V. 195 



British Commissioners Rejected. British Evacuate T'hiladeljihia. 

the world that the Americans could help themselves, the 
French openly made a treaty with the Congress of the 
United States, by which both nations agreed to help each 
other in time of war. 

4. News also came that messengers of peace and recon- 
ciliation were coming from England. When they came 
they were kindly received. They would not acknowledge 
the independence of the Americans, and the latter 
would not confer with them without such acknowledgment. 
So their errand was fruitless. 

5. In the month of May, 1778, General Hoive left the 
British army in Philadelphia in 
charge of General Sir Henry Clinton, 
and returned to England. When the 
news reached the British commanders 
that a French fleet under Admiral 
D'Estaing 1 was coming, they pre- 
pared to leave Philadelphia. Admi- 
ral Howe sailed out of the Delaware 

GENERAL CLINTON. 

River and went to Amboy Bay. Sir 
Henry crossed into New Jersey with his whole army, and 
hastened toward the fleet. This was at about the middle 
of June. 

6. Washington immediately left Valley Forge, and pur- 
sued the British army with his own. He overtook them 
near Monmouth Court-House, in West Jersey. There, 
on Sunday, the 28th of June, the two armies fought a severe 



Questions.— 4. What can you tell about messengers of peace and reconciliation ? 
5. What did the British forces at Philadelphia do in the spring of 1778 ? 6. What did 
Washington then do ? What occurred in New Jersey ? 

1 dehs-taing'. 




THE UEVOLTJTION. 



Hattle at Monmouth. 



Movements of the Americans. 



battle. The Americans would have won but for the bad 
conduct of General Lee. It was a very hot day. Fifty 
American soldiers died of thirst. 




\AM.BATTtR* 
K \ % 



BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. 



7. Both armies rested on the battle-field that night. 
Washington intended to renew the fight in the morning, 

but Sir Henry stole away with his broken army under 
cover of the darkness, and escaped to the fleet. Wash- 
ington then marched his troops slowly to the Hudson River, 
crossed it, and encamped near White Plains, in Westches- 
ter County. Late in autumn he made 
his winter quarters at Midcllebi^ooh, 
on the Raritan, in New Jersey. 

8. D'Estaing could not reach the 
British vessels in shallow Amboy Bay, 
with his great ships. At the request 
of Washington, he sailed eastward 
with his ships and five thousand troops 
to assist the Americans under Gen- 
erals Sullivan and Lafayette, in their efforts to drive 
the British from Rhode Island. 

9. In August, when the French fleet lay in Narragan- 




COUNT D ESTAING. 



Questions. —7. What can you tell about the escape of the British and the march 
of the Americans ? 8. What can you tell about the movements of the French forces f 
9. What can you tell about fleets off Rhode Island ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 197 



Events on Rhode Island. Raids by Indians. 



set Bay, the British fleet appeared in sight. The French 
vessels went out to attack them, taking the troops with them. 
A violent storm which arose suddenly shattered both 
fleets. D'Estaing went to Boston to get his ships re- 
paired, leaving the Americans to help themselves. 

10. Sullivan, who had marched almost to Newport, now 
retreated. The British pursued. On Quaker Hill, near the 
northern end of the Island, the two armies fought. The 
British were repulsed in the battle, but the Americans 
were compelled to leave the island. 

1 1 . The Sice Nations of Indians in the State of New 
York took sides with the British. They joined the Tories, 
or friends of the King, and made sad havoc among the settle- 
ments in New York and Pennsylvania, in the summer and 
autumn of 1778. In the Mohawk, Schoharie, and Cherry 
Valleys, they murdered men, women, and children, and 
burned their houses. 

12. Early in July, a leader named John Butler, with a 
band of Tories and Indians, broke into the Wyoming Val- 
ley. Most of the strong men were away in the army. Old 
men and boys, under Zebulon Butler, fought the invaders, 
but were overpowered. The savages swept through the val- 
ley, murdering and plundering the inhabitants 
and burning their houses. Some of the people escaped 
from the valley and suffered in the wilderness on its borders. 

13. Meanwhile Brant, the Mohawk chief, with a son of 
Sir William Johnson, were desolating the Mohaivk Valley 
and its neighborhood with fire, sword, musket, and tomahawk. 

Questions.— 10. What did the Americans do on Rhode Island? 11. What can yop 
tell about the doings of the Six Nations and their allies ? 12. Give an account of 
events in the Wyoming Valley. 13. What have you to say about Brant and John- 
son? 



198 THE REVOLUTION. 



Change in the Seat of War. The British in Georgia. 

So dreadful were the events there during three or four years 
that the region was called " the dark and bloody 
ground," 

14. Late in the autumn of 1778, the seat of actual war 
was transferred to Georgia. In November, D' Estaing 
sailed to the West Indies to attack the British possessions 
there, and the British fleet hastened to protect them. 
Being deprived of a naval power, Clinton could not do 
much in the populous north, so he sent Colonel Campbell 
with two thousand troops to invade Georgia. 

1 5. General Robert Howe commanded the few American 
troops then in Savannah. He was 
driven up the Savannah River, and 
took shelter in South Carolina. 
Savannah then became the head- 
quarters of the British in the South, 
and they held it almost four years. 

16. During the fourth year of 
the war the British gained almost 
nothing, while the Americans had 
found a powerful ally in France, 

with the Baron de Steuben as Inspector-General, and 
had gained strength by military experience. Their finan- 
ces, however, were in a wretched condition. They had 
a hundred million dollars of paper money 
afloat, which was rapidly depreciating in value ; and the 
public credit was daily sinking. Yet the Americans were 
hopeful. 

Questions. — 14. What can you tell about a change in the seat of war ? 15. Give an 
account of the American troops in Georgia, and the possession of that State by the 
British. 16. What was the relative condition of the British and Americans at the 
close of the fourth year of the war ? 




THE REVOLUTION. 199 



The American Policy. Preparations for the Campaign in the South. 

17. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The Americans at Valley Forge ; (2) the alliance 
with France, and the advent of English commissioners ; 
(3) the flight of the British from Philadelphia and the 
pursuit by Washington; (4) operations on and near 
Rhode Island ; (5) the distressing warfare of Indians and 
Tories ; (6) the invasion of Georgia, and (7) the relative 
position of the contending parties. 

SECTION VI. 

FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

[1779.] 

1, The Americans determined to act on the defen- 
sive during the campaign of 1779, excepting in chastis- 
ing the hostile Indians. The British were to be con- 
fined to the sea-board. A wild scheme for the conquest 
of Canada was abandoned. The safer and less expensive 
mode of warfare was applauded by the 
people. 

2. Campbell opened the campaign 
at Savannah, where he was joined 
by General Prevost, 1 from Florida. 
Prevost took the chief command, and 
prepared to penetrate the State. Gen- 
eral Lincoln was sent to take com- 

GENERAL LINCOLN. 

mand of the Americans in the 
South. He made his headquarters at Purysburg, about 

Questions.— 17. What have we considered in this section ? 

Questions.— 1. Give an account of the plan of the campaign for 1779 hy the Ameri- 
cans. 2. What can you tell about operations on the banks of the Savannah River ? 

1 pre-vost'. 




200 THE REVOLUTION. 



The British Occupy rtugusta. Disasters to the Americans. 

twenty miles above Savannah, where, with the broken 
army of Howe, he had collected a considerable force at the 
close of January. 

3. Campbell, meanwhile, marched up the Georgia side 
of the Savannah River, and took possession of Au- 
gusta. This enabled the British to communicate with 
their friends, the Creek Indians, in Alabama. At the 
same time a band of Tories were desolating the Caro- 
lina frontier. They were defeated, however, in a battle 
on Kettle Creek on the 14th of February (1779). 

4. Lincoln sent Colonel Ashe with some troops to drive 
Campbell from Augusta. He did so, and then pursued the 
enemy forty miles down the Savannah, where he encamped 
on Brier Creek. There he was surprised and attacked by 
Prevost on the 3d of March (1779), and lost nearly the 
whole of his two thousand troops. 

5. By this disaster Lincoln was deprived of a quarter 
of his army. Yet he was not discouraged. Prevost, 
feeling strong, crossed the Savannah River, with a large 
force of British, Tories and Indians, and marched on the 
capital of South Carolina. Lincoln followed him with a 
larger force, to prevent his capturing that city. 

6. Prevost appeared before Charleston early in May, and 
demanded the surrender of the city. It was promptly re- 
fused. The inhabitants expected an immediate attack, and 
slept but little the ensuing night. To their surprise, no 
enemy was visible in the morning. Prevost had heard of 
the near approach of Lincoln, and had fled at mid- 
night, along the sea islands, toward Savannah. 

Questions.— 3. Tell about Campbell's movements and their effects, and a battle 
with Tories. 4. What can you tell about Colonel Ashe and his defeat ? 5. What 
have you to say about the armies of Lincoln and Prevost ? 6. What did Prevost do ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 201 

British Mai'auding Parties in Yarious Places. 

7. Prevost lingered among the islands. On the 20th of 
June a fight occurred between a detachment of his army and 
the Americans at Stono Ferry, below Charleston. The 
latter were defeated. But the capital was saved. 

8. Sir Henry Clinton contented himself with sending out 
marauding parties to plunder and destroy towns. Gov- 
ernor Try on, whom the patriots had driven from New York, 
was a willing leader in these expeditions. First he scattered 
some American troops, under General Putnam, at Green- 
wich, in Connecticut. Later in the season he landed on the 
shores of Connecticut with two thousand troops. He plun- 
dered JVew Haven, and laid East Haven, Fairfield and 
Norwallc in ashes. 

9. Meanwhile some British vessels, commanded by Sir 
George Collier, 1 bore troops to Hampton Roads, Vir- 
ginia. They plundered the country in the vicinity. 
The same ships, at the end of May, went up the Hudson 
River with troops, and captured Stony and Verplanck's 
Points, below the Highlands. At the beginning of July 
these vessels bore Tryon and twenty-five hundred men to 
Connecticut. 

10. The bold and dashing General Wayne struck the 
British a retaliating blow about the middle of July. He 
marched some troops secretly to the vicinity of Stony 
Point on a warm evening. At midnight he surprised and 
attacked the fort ; and at two o'clock in the morning of the 
16th, though badly wounded in the hand, he wrote to Wash- 

Questions.— 7. What more have you to say about Prevost and a battle ? 8. What 
can you tell about British marauding expeditions ? 9. What can you tell about the 
doings of British ships and troops? 10. Tell about a brave exploit of General 
Wayne. 

1 kol'-yer, 



202 



THE REVOLUTION. 




GENERAL WAYNE. 



British !Post at Jfauius' Hook Captured. Jfvents in Kentucky. 

ington : " The fort and garrison, with Colonel 
Johnson, are ours," The 

British lost in killed, wounded and 
prisoners six hundred men. 

11. A few weeks later (August 
19) Major Henry Lee captured a 
British post at Paulus's Hook 
(now Jersey City), killing thirty-six 
of the garrison and making one hun- 
dred and sixty men prisoners. The 
Congress voted to Wayne and Lee 
each a silver medal. In September, forty vessels, sent 
from Massachusetts, with soldiers, 
to seize Castin, at the mouth of the 
Penobscot River, were captured or 
destroyed, and the soldiers were 
driven into the wilderness. 

12. The 
war had now 
extended into 
the wilder- 
ness beyond 
the Allegha- 
ny Mountains, where Daniel Boone, 
the great hunter and pioneer, had made 
settlements. They had there been 

fighting the Indians for several years. Further north, in the 
present State of Illinois, 1 the British had forts, and the 

Questions.— 11. What did Major Lee do ? What happened on the Eastern coast ? 
12 and 13. What can you tell about the war beyond the Alleghany Mountains ? 





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lillii: 




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STONT POINT. 




DANIEL, BOONE. 



1 il-le-noi$ f 



THE REVOLUTION. 



203 



Events in the Illinois Country. Indians in A en> York Scourged. 

soldiers there were continually urging the Indians to fight 
the Americans. 

13. In January, 1779, Major George Rogers Clarke led 
an expedition from Kentucky against these posts. After 
great hardships in the wilderness, they captured the 
forts, drove away the British, and formed peaceable rela- 
tions with the Indians. 

14. In the summer of 1779, General Sullivan was sent 
with a military force to chastise the 
Six Nations in New York, who had 
been engaged in the horrid cruelties 
the previous year. He collected an 
army in the Wyoming Valley, and 
marched up the Susquehanna River 
into the country of the Senecas. In 
the course of a few weeks he de- 
stroyed forty Indian villages 
and a vast amount of corn, fruit and 
This chas- 




GENERAL SULLIVAN. 



garden vegetables, 
tisement was long remembered 
by the Indians with bitter ha- 
tred. 

15. Early in September (1779) 
D'Estaing appeared off the coast 
of Georgia with a powerful 
French fleet, to assist Lincoln 
in an attempt to drive the Brit- 
ish from Savannah. D'Es- 
taing landed troops and siege-guns ; and for more than 
a fortnight the town was bombarded. 

Questions.— 14. What can you tell about Sullivan's campaign against the Indians ! 
15. Give an account of operations against Savannah. 




SEEGE Or SAVANNAH. 1779. 



204 THE REVOLUTION. 




Assault on Savannah. The French "Desert the Americans. 

16. On the 9th of October an attempt was made to 
take the town by a close and furious assault. After a des- 
perate fight of five hours, there was a truce to bury 
the dead. Many brave men had been killed. Among them 
was Count Pulaski, 1 who, like Kosci- 
uszhoy came from Poland to help the 
Americans in their struggle for free- 
dom. 

17. UEstaing now suddenly pro- 
posed to abandon the siege. Lin- 
coln believed that the British would 
soon surrender ; but he was compelled COTM t W 
to submit to D'Estaing's determina- 
tion, and a few days afterward the French fleet was at sea 
and the Americans were in full retreat toward Charleston. 
This was the second time D'Estaing had abandoned the 
Americans when a speedy victory seemed certain. 

18. During the summer of 1779 Lafayette was in 
France, and persuaded the King to send another fleet and 
thousands of soldiers to help the Americans. The British 
were alarmed when they heard this news, and their troops in 
Rhode Island were ordered to New York, so that the army 
should not be too much scattered. 

19. Other dangers now threatened England. Spain 
declared war against her, and a French and Spanish ar- 
mament attempted an invasion of England in August, 
1779. In the autumn, French and American cruisers 



Questions.— 16. What farther can you tell about the siege of Savannah? 17. 
What did D'Estaing do, and what was the result? 18. What did Lafayette do, and 
what was the eflect ? 19. What dangers now threatened England ? 

* pu4as'-ki. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



205 




The Continental JVavy and American Naval Operations. 

spread much alarm in Great Britain, because of their dep- 
redations upon commerce in British waters. 

20. The naval operations of the Americans during the 
Revolution do not hold a conspicuous place in history, but 
they were important. The Americans were not able to 
build large ships of war, but vessels armed by private citi- 
zens, commissioned by the Congress, and known as priva- 
teers, captured a great many British vessels and so helped 
the cause. 

21. Arrangements were made for creating a navy in the 
autumn of 1775. The first vessels 
built were gun-boats. These 
were used by Washington against 
the British ships at Boston. They 

were armed with heavy cannon at each end and lighter ones 
on the top. 

22. Eseh Hopkins was the first commander-in-chief of 
the naval forces, and performed good 
service along our southern coasts and 
among the Bahama Islands. There 
were other commanders, such as Man- 
ly, Barry, McNeil, and Hinman, 
whose exploits made them famous. 
But John Paul Jones became the 
most famous of them all. 

23. Some vessels fitted out on the 
coast of France were put under the 
command of Jones. He cruised around Great Britain in 



A GUN-BOAT AT BOSTON. 




ADMIRAL HOPKINS. 



Questions. — 20. What have you to say about the American navy? 21. What more 
can you tell about the navy? 22. What can you tell about the first commander-in- 
chief of the navy, and other leaders ? 



206 THE REVOLUTION. 



Naval Victory by John Taul Jones. 




JOHN PAUL JONES. 



the summer of 1779, and filled the people of the coast towns 
with alarm because of his devasta- 
tions. 

24. In September, Jones, in a ship 
named Bonhomme Richard x (Good 
Man Richard), attacked and defeated 
the British ship of war Serapis, 2 off 
the eastern coast of England. The 
fight was in the moonlight, and it was 
a terrible one. At one time, when the 
ships were lashed together, they were 
both on fire. Jones was the victor. He took pos- 
session of the Serapis, and his own shattered vessel went to 
the bottom of the sea. 

25. Although England was surrounded with many diffi- 
culties at the close of 1779, and many of her own people 
sympathized with the Americans, she put forth amazing 
strength and energy, and made ample provision of men and 
money to carry on the campaign against the Americans in 
1780. 

26. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The plans of the Americans ; (2) military opera- 
tions in Georgia and South Carolina ; (3) British ma- 
rauding expeditions; (4) the conquests by General 
Wayne and Major Lee ; (5) the war beyond the Allegha- 
nies; (6) Sullivan's campaign against the Indians; 
(7) the siege of Savannah, and (8) the naval operations. 

Questions— 23 and 24. What can you tell about John Paul Jones and his exploits ? 
25. What have you to say about England's troubles, strength, and actions ? 26. What 
have we considered in this section ? 

1 bon-om' ree'sMrd. * se-ra'-pis. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



207 



Movements of Sir Henry Clinton. Change in the Seat of War. 



SECTION VII. 

SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 
[1780.] 

1. When Clinton was joined by the British troops from 
Rhode Island, he sailed for Charleston with a large force, 
to capture that city, leaving the remainder in New York, 
under the charge of the Hessian general, Knyphausen. 1 
Early in the spring of 1780 Washington sent the Baron 
Be Kalb 2 and other good officers to assist the Ameri- 
can troops in the South. 

2. The chief seat of war was now transferred to the 
South, and the people of the North had a little rest. Clin- 
ton and his troops were borne to Charleston Harbor in a 

fleet commanded by Admiral Ar- 
buthnot. 3 Near the middle of Feb- 
ruary, they were landed on the 
islands and shores thirty miles below 
Charleston. 

3. General Lincoln was then in 
Charleston with a few troops. The 
patriotic militia of South Carolina 
rallied at the call of Governor Rut- 
ledge, and when the invaders 
appeared before Charleston early in April, the force gath- 
ered there felt strong enough to resist them. 

4. The patriots built strong military works across 

Questions.— 1. What did Sir Henry Clinton do? What did Washington do ? 2. 
What can you tell about the seat of war and the movements of Clinton ? 3. What 
can you tell about the Americans in Charleston? 

1 nip-how'-zen. 2 kawlb. s ar-buth'-not. 




GOVERNOR RUTLEDGE. 











-9 

SUNBURY 







IN THE 

Southern States 



SCALE OF MI LES | f 
10 20 30 40 60 SO 



THE REVOLUTION. 209 



Siege of Chct7'leston and its Surrender 



Charleston Neck, and manned Fort Moultrie, in the har- 
bor, with many soldiers. Near the town were six armed 
vessels under Commodore Abraham Whipple, and along 
the wharves batteries were constructed. 

5. On the 9th of April, Arbuthnot sailed into Charles- 
ton Harbor with his fleet. At the same time Clinton, who 
had come up from below, approached the defences on 
Charleston Neck. He sent a summons to Lincoln to 
surrender his army and the city, and threatened to destroy 
the town and capture the troops in case he refused. Lin- 
coln did refuse, and sent word to Clinton that he was 
ready for war. 

6. The siege of Charleston continued for a month. 
Meanwhile Lord Cornwallis came 
from New York, with an army, to 
help Clinton. The British sur- 
rounded the town. On the night of 
the 9th of May, two hundred cannon 
opened fire upon the city. The fleet 
joined in the bombardment. 

7. For more than forty-eight 
hours the inhabitants of the city en- 
dured the dreadful cannonade, when, at about two 
o'clock in the morning of the 12th of May, Lincoln of- 
fered to surrender. The firing ceased. About six 
thousand citizens and soldiers were made prisoners of war, 
with four hundred cannon and a large quantity of provisions 
and stores. 



Questions.— 4. What did the patriots at Charleston do? 5. What can you tell 
ahout a British fleet at Charleston and the movements of Clinton against the city? 
6. Give an account of the siege of Charleston. 7. What more can you tell about the 
siege ? What about the surrender ? 




LORD CORNWALLIS. 



210 



THE REVOLUTION. 



The "British in South Carolina. American Troops Sent to the South. 

8. This was a heavy blow for the Americans. The 
British commander immediately sent large bodies of troops 




8IEGE OP CHARLESTON, 1780. 



into the country, in various directions, to conquer and 
hold the State. For awhile it seemed to the patriots that 
all was lost, and the quiet of despair prevailed throughout 
South Carolina. 

9. Mistaking this quiet for permanent tranquillity, Clin- 
ton and Arbuthnot, with many troops, sailed for New- 
York in June, leaving the remainder 
of the army in the South under the 
chief command of Lord Cornwallis. 

10. The deceptive quiet was soon 
broken. De Kalb had moved too 
slowly to effect anything in favor of 
Lincoln. General Gates had also 
been sent to the South, and he took 
the chief command when he joined 
Be Kalb. The news that the con- 
queror of Burgoyne was coming revived the spirits of 




GENERAL GATES. 



Questions.— 8. What did the British commander then do ? What was the result T 
9. What did Clinton and Arbuthnot think and do ? 10. What can you tell about De 
Kalb and Gates, and Southern patriots ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 



211 



Active Southern "Partisans, ffattle near Camden. Death of De Katb. 

the patriots, and partisan leaders like Marion}- Sumter, 
Pickens and Clarke were soon in the field at the head of 
daring men. 

11. Sumter first appeared, with strength, on the Ca- 
tawba River. At the same time 
Marion was striking the British 
and Tories in the swamps of the 
lower country, on the borders of 
the Pedee ; and the other parti- 
sans were active. 

12. When, in August (1780), 
Gates marched down from the 
hill country and approached Cam- 
clen, he was joined by many 
patriots and felt strong. Lord Rawdon was then in com- 
mand of British troops at Camden. Comwallis hastened 

to join him, and then moved forward to 
meet Gates. 

13. The two armies, marching silently 
along a sandy road, met at midnight, unex- 
pectedly to both, in a swamp on Sanders' 
Creek, seven miles north of Camden. 
They skirmished in the darkness, and at 
daylight began a fierce battle. The 
Americans were defeated and scattered. 
De Kalb was killed, and Gates and a few 




GENERAL SUMTEK. 




SANDERS CREEK. 



of his troops fled into North Carolina. 



Questions.— 11. Give an account of Sumter and Marion. 12. What can you tell 
about Gates and Cornwallis ? 13. Give an account of a march and a battle. 



mah'ri-on. 



212 



THE REVOLUTION. 



American Losses. Cornn-allis's Mistakes. Battle at A'itif/'s Mountain. 




BARON DE KALB 



14. This was another severe blow for the patriots. 
Within the space of three months two 
of their armies in the South had 
been destroyed, and the armed bands 
of the partisans were now scattered to 
the winds by Tarleton and other 
British leaders. All seemed hopeless, 
and yet the patriots were hopeful. 

15. With the foolish idea that ex- 
tremely harsh treatment would 
secure submission, Comwallis employed very oppressive 
measures. The exasperated patriots despised and defied him, 
and instantly prepared to strike an effectual blow for 
freedom. 

16. Believing South Carolina to be thoroughly con- 
quered, Comwallis marched into North Carolina, and sent 
out armed parties to frighten the Whigs and encourage the 
Tories. The patriots in Western 
Carolina rallied, and at King's 
Mountain they fought, early in 
October, and defeated Colonel Fer- 
guson. He lost a thousand men 
and fifteen hundred guns. 

17. As the battle at Benning- 
ton was a severe blow to Bur- 
goyne, so this was a hard blow for 
Comwallis. Meanwhile Marion 
was annoying the British and Tories near Charleston; 




GENERAL MARION. 



Questions.— 14. What had the patriots lost? 15. What did Comwallis do, and 
what was the result ? 16. What more did Comwallis do ? What did the patriots do ? 
17. How were the British affected? What have you to say ahout Marion and 
Sumter ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 213 



Marion and Sumter. British Invasion of New Jersey. 

and Sumter and Marion again appeared at the head of 
brave patriots. So stealthy were the movements of one, 
and so full of fight was the other, that the British called 
Marion The Swamp Fox, and Sumter The Carolina 
Game Cock. 

18. Cornwallis hastened back to South Carolina, and 
encamped between the Broad and Catawba Rivers, about 
the middle of October. Here we will leave him while we 
consider military movements in the North. 

19. Extensive military operations were almost suspended 
in the North during the summer of 1780. As we have seen, 
Knyphausen was left in command at New York. That 
officer sent a force of five thousand men into New Jersey, 
under General Mathews, early in June, on a marauding 
expedition. 

20. Mathews crossed over from Staten Island to Eliz- 
abethtown, and near that village burned a small settlement, 
and commenced plundering the inhabitants. Wash- 
ington sent a detachment from his camp at Morristown to 
drive them back. This was effectually done. 

21. A fortnight afterward, Clinton, who had returned 
from Charleston, joined Mathews, and marching toward 
Morristown^ tried to drive Washington out of his encamp- 
ment. They were met at Springfield by Americans under 
General Greene, on the 23d of June, when a severe skir- 
mish ensued. The British set fire to the village and fled 
back to Staten Island. 

22. Early in the same month a French fleet arrived at 

Questions.— 18. What did Cornwallis do ? 19. What have you to say about mili. 
tary operations in the North ? 20. What can you tell about an invasion of New 
Jersey? 21. What can you tell about a second invasion of New Jersey, and a 
battle ? 



214 



THE REVOLUTION. 




GOVERNOR TRUMBULL. 



Arrival of French Forces. A jgargrain for Treason. Price to be Paid. 

Newport, Rhode Island, with six thousand soldiers under 
the Count de Bochambeau. 1 A part 
of the French army wintered at Leb- 
anon, near the residence of Gover- 
nor Trumbull. The British were 
alarmed, and did not send out any- 
more marauding expeditions. At that 
time Clinton was hoping to accom- 
plish, through the agency of a traitor, 
what he could not secure by force of 
arms. 
23. General Benedict Arnold, a brave and active officer, 
was the traitor. He was a quarrel- 
some man and a spendthrift. He be- 
came soured toward many officers, and 
his expensive living involved him deeply 
in debt. Dishonest practices caused 
him to be publicly reprimanded by 
Washington, by order of the Congress. 
24. Irritated and pressed for money, 
he resolved to betray his country 
for a price. He bargained, through correspondence with 
Major Andre'? Clinton's adjutant-general, to receive fifty 
thousand dollars and the commission of Brigadier- 
General in the British army, as the price of his 
treason. 

25. To accomplish his wicked purpose, Arnold obtained 




BENEDICT ARNOLD. 



Questions.— 22. What can you tell about a French fleet with troops ? What can 
you tell about the British ? 23. Give an account of Benedict Arnold. 24. What 
moved Arnold, and what did he do ? 25. What was the plan of his treason ? With 
whom did he confer ? 

1 rosh'-awm-W. s an'-dray. 



THE REVOLUTION. 215 



Conference Between Arnold and Andre". 



command of the important military post of West Point, on 
the Hudson River. He bargained to betray that post and 
its dependencies into the hands of the British. In Septem- 
ber, 1780, he and Major Andre had a conference at Haver- 
straw, on the Hudson, to complete the arrangements. 

26. The ship in which Andre had ascended the Hudson 
was driven back by American cannon on the shore, and 
Andre* was compelled to go back by land. He crossed the 
river, and was making his way on horseback toward New 
Yorh, when he was arrested, near Tarrytown, by three 
militia-men, who searched him and found papers in his boots 
which convicted Arnold of Treason. 

27. By a stupid blunder, Arnold was allowed to escape. 
He heard of the arrest of Andre while at breakfast in his 
house opposite West Point. Kissing his wife and babe 
farewell, he hurried to his barge, and offering his oarsmen a 
reward for speed, they took him swiftly down the river to 
the British sloop-of-war Vul- 
ture, and so he escaped. 

28. Major Andr'e was tried 
and executed as a spy. If 
the Americans could have 
caught Arnold, they would have 
let the youthful Andre go. 

... captors' medal. 

29. The names of the militia- 
men who arrested Andr'e were John Paulding, David 
Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. 1 Because of this useful 



Questions.— 26. What can you tell about Major Andre ? 27. Tell about a blunder, 
and the escape of Arnold. 28. What more can you tell about Andre" and Arnold ? 
29. What about Andre's captors ? 

1 wart. 




216 THE REVOLUTION. 



Madness of the British Ministry. Sufferings of American Soldiers. 

act the Congress voted them each a silver medal and two 
hundred dollars a year for life. 

30. And now, as another year of the war drew to a close, 
the patriots were firm and hopeful. Great Britain had 
made really no progress toward conquering the Americans, 
after spending much blood and treasure. Yet the King and 
Parliament went blindly on. They declared war against 
Holland, which had favored America, and made extensive 
preparations to crush the rebellion in the colonies. 

31. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The campaign of Clinton against Charleston; (2) 
the defeat of Gates and the career of Cormvallis in South 
Carolina ; (3) the partisan leaders in the South ; (4) the 
invasion of New Jersey by British troops ; (5) the ar- 
rival of French allies, and (6) the treason of Arnold. 



SECTION VIII. 

SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 
[1781.] 

1 . The patriotism of the Americans had a trial and 
a triumph at the beginning of 1781. The troops had suf- 
fered every want. The paper money with which they had 
been paid had become worthless, and the Congress was not 
able to be prompt in redeeming its promises. 

2. The soldiers had asked for relief in vain. Finally 

Questions.— 30. What can you tell about Great Britain and the King and Parlia- 
ment ? 31. What have we considered in this section ? 

Questions.— 1. What can you tell about a trial of the patriotism of the Americans? 



TUB REVOLUTION. 21 V 



Mutiny of American Troops. Their T><ttriotic Conduct. 



on the 1st of January, more than a thousand left the camp 
at Morristown and started for Philadelphia to compel 
the Congress to do something for them. 

3. General Wayne was sent to bring them back. He 
coaxed and threatened them. When he pointed his pistol 
at the leader, they said : " We love and respect you, but if 
you fire you are a dead man. We are not going to the 
enemy ; on the contrary, if they were now to come out, 
you should see us fight under your orders with as 
much cheerfulness as ever." 

4. Their promise was soon redeemed in another way. Sir 
Henry Clinton heard of the mutiny, and sent agents to 
entice the discontented soldiers to his army. 
These agents went among the mutineers at Princeton. The 
indignant patriots seized them and handed them over to 
Wayne to be punished as spies. 

5. The Congress satisfied the demands of the soldiers, and 
offered to reward them for this 
mark of their fidelity. They nobly 
replied : " Our necessities com- 
pelled us to demand justice 
from our government ; we ask 
no reward for doing our duty 
to our country against its enemies." 

6. The Congress saw the ne- 
cessity of promptly meeting the robert morris. 
wants of the soldiers. They imposed taxes which were 
cheerfully paid. They borrowed money in Europe ; and a 

Questions.— 2. What did the soldiers do ? 3. What can you tell about General 
Wayne and the soldiers ? 4. What promise did the soldiers redeem, and how ? 5. 
What can you tell about the Congress and the soldiers ? 6. What did Congress do 
about money matters ? What can you tell about Robert Morris ? 




218 



THE REVOLUTION. 



National Sank Established. 



Arnold in Virginia. 



national bank was established in Philadelphia under 
the management of Robert Morris, Secretary of the 
Treasury, which was a great help in that time of need. Mr. 
Morris used his own private fortune freely for the public good. 

7. At the beginning of this year (1781) Ariiold the 
traitor was desolating lower Virginia with a band of 
British and Tory soldiers. Lafayette was sent to Vir- 
ginia to catch the traitor, but Arnold, after doing all the 
mischief he could, escaped to New York in April. 

8. Arnold was cautious, for he knew his countrymen 
would show him no mercy if they should catch him. One 
day he asked a captive Virginian, "What would the 
Americans do with me if they should catch me ? " The 
prisoner replied : " They would bury your leg that was 
wounded at Quebec, with military honors, and hang the rest 
of you." 

9. Turning toward the Carolinas, where most of the 
fighting was done in 1781, we see 
General Greene, the brave soldier 
from Rhode Island, at the head 
of the Southern army. A 
part of it he sent toward the sea, 
eastward of the Pedee, and the 
remainder, under General Mor- 
gan, he caused to be encamped 
at the junction of the Pacolet 
and Broad rivers. 

10. Greene had succeeded Gates in the autumn of 1780. 




GENERAL GREENE. 



Qttestions.— 7. What can you tell about Arnold and Lafayette ? 8. Relate an anec- 
dote of Arnold and a prisoner. 9. What can you tell about Greene and his army in 
the Carolinas ? 10. What have you to say about Greene and Gates ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 



210 




Hattle at the Cowpens. Itace Between 'British and American Troop*. 

Comwallis, who now lay between the two portions of the 
American army, found in Greene a much better soldier 
than Gates. He was just preparing to march into North 
Carolina, when he found himself menaced by this active 
leader. 

1 1 . Unwilling to leave Morgan in his rear, Cornivallis 
sent Colonel Tarleton, a fiery British soldier, to capture or 
scatter the Americans. The foes 
met in a desolate place in Western 
South Carolina, called The Cow- 
pens, where they had a severe bat- 
tle. The British were beaten and 
scattered, and many of them were 
made prisoners This was on the 17th 
of January, 1781. 

12. At the close of the battle Mor- 
gan started for Virginia with his prisoners. Comwallis 

tried to head him off. He was a little 
too late, for Morgan had crossed the 
Catawba river before Comwallis 
reached its banks. The British com- 
mander felt sure of catching the 
" rebel " leader in the morning, so he 
•■^ halted. 
general morgan. 13. As at Tr*enton, the active foe 

of Cornivallis escaped. A heavy rain during the night so 

swelled the river, that the British troops could not cross. 

Morgan, meantime, had pushed forward and joined Greene 

on the Yadkin. 

Questions.— 11. What can you tell about a battle between Morgan and Tarleton? 
12. What did Morgan and Comwallis do ? 13. What more can you tell about the 
movements of Morgan and Comwallis? 



colonel tarleton. 




220 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Itace Setween Greene and Cornwallis . 




14. Now began a wonderful flight and pursuit, 
which extended from the Yadkin to the Dan. Greene 
was joined by the forces eastward of the Pedee. Three 
times the rivers were filled by rains after the Americans 
had crossed, leaving the British on the other side. The 
Americans finally crossed the Dan 
into Virginia (February 3, 1781), 
and Cornwallis gave up the 
chase. 

15. Greene remained in Virginia 
only long enough to allow his troops 
to rest, and with some recruits he 
recrossed the Dan and pursued 
Cornwallis, who had gone into the 
interior of North Carolina. He 
sent forward Colonel Henry Lee with cavalry or horsemen 
to foil Tarleton and scatter the Tories. 

16. On the 15th of March the two armies met near 
Guilford Court-house, and there they 
fought one of the most severe battles 
of the war. Both suffered dread- 
fully. The Americans lost four 
hundred men and the British six hun- 
dred. 

17. Neither party gained a victory. 
Cornwallis, badly crippled, marched, 
with his shattered army, toward Wil- 
mington, on the Cape Fear, and Greene marched into South 



COLONEL HENRY LEE. 




BATTLE OF GUILFORD. 



Questions.— 14. What can you tell about a race between Greene and Cornwallis ? 
15. What did Greene and Cornwallis then do ? 16. What can you tell about a battlo 
between Greene and Cornwallis ? 17. What was the result of the battle ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 



221 



Entile at Bobkirk's Hilt. 



Siege of JVinely-6'ix. 





H0BKIRK S HILL. 



COLONEL WASHINGTON. 



Carolina to attack the British under Lord Rawclon at 
Camden. 

18. Greene encamped on Hobkirk's 
Hill, a mile from amden, where Raw- 
don attacked him on the 25th of April, 

1781. A desperate 
fight ensued, each 
party losing nearly 
three hundred men. 
In that battle Colo- 
nel William, Washington was con- 
spicuous for his bravery. He captured 
fifty British soldiers. With these 

prisoners and all of his cannon, Greene retreated a few miles 

and encamped. 

19. Raw don, alarmed, set fire to Camden early in 
May, and retreated down to Kelson's 
Ferry, on the Santee River. At about 
the same time the Americans captured 
four important British posts in 
the interior of South Carolina; and 
Greene, with his whole army, marched 
against the strong post of Ninety-Six, 
between the Saluda and Savannah rivers. 

20. Greene besieged Fort Ninety- Six for a month. 
Meanwhile Lee, Pickens, and others, had attacked the 
British and Tories at Augusta, in Georgia, and took pos- 




FORT NINETY-SIX. 



Questions.— 18. Give an account of a battle between Greene and Lord Kawdon. 
What have you to say about Colonel Washington ? 19. What did Eawdon do ? What 
had the Americans done, and where did Greene go ? 20. What did Greene do ? What 
did other leaders do ? 



222 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Americans in Summer Quarters. 



IBattle at Eutaw Springs. 




GENERAL PICKENS. 



session of that place on the 5th of June. They then 
hastened to help Greene, before 
Ninety-Six, which place the Amer- 
icans were compelled to leave on 
the approach of Rawdon, and flee 
beyond the Saluda. 1 

21. Rawdon fell back toward 
Orangeburg, and Greene became 
his pursuer. The summer heats 
were now approaching, and Greene 
marched his army to the High 
Hills of Santee, 2 below Camden, where they were en- 
camped during a portion of the sickly season. Rawdon, 
leaving his troops at Orangeburg in charge of Colonel 
Stewart, went to Charleston and sailed for England. 

22. Many North Carolina troops joined Greene, in 
August, and at the close of that month his entire army were 
in motion toward Orangeburg. The British fled down the 
Santee and encamped at Eutaw 3 Springs, two miles 
from that river, where Greene attacked them on the 8th of 
September, 1781. 

23. The battle raged for four hours. At night the 
British held the field, but the advantage was with the 
Americans. The British had lost about seven hundred 
men, and the Americans about five hundred and fifty. 
The victory was claimed by both parties in this Battle of 
Eutaw Springs. 

24. On the night after the battle the British fled toward 



Questions.— 21. What can you tell about the movements of Greene and Rawdon? 
22. What can you tell about the movements of hostile troops ? 23. Tell about a bat- 
tle and its results. 

1 sah-lu'-dah. 2 san-tee'. 3 u'-taw. 



THE REVOLUTION. 223 



"Position of the "British. Marion and the 'British Officer. 

Charleston, pursued by the main American army and by 
the partisans, Marion, Sumter, Lee, and others. The 
British took refuge in Chai^leston, and at the close of 1781 
they held only that city and Savannah in all the country, 
excepting the city of New York. 

25. Of all the Southern partisans, Marion became the 
most famous. He was bold but cautious, and was generally 
successful. His followers were ready to endure any priva- 
tions demanded by their leader. At one time his camp was 
upon an island at the junction of the Pedee 1 and Lynch' s 
Creek. 

26. To that camp a British officer was once sent with a 
flag of truce. He was conducted to Marion with his eyes 
covered. The partisan invited the young officer to dine with 
him. All that he could offer his guest were a few roasted 
potatoes served on pieces of bark. 

27. The officer was informed that this was better than the 
usual fare to which Marion and his men were accustomed. 
When the young man returned to his camp he gave up his 
commission, declaring that such a people could not and ought 
not to be conquered. 

28. While these events were occurring in South Caro- 
lina, Cornwallis was trying to subdue Virginia. He 
marched from Wilmington, and at the close of May he was 
at Petersburg, in Virginia, with a considerable army. 
Lafayette was then in that State, but his troops were too 
few to do much against the stronger British force. 

Questions.— 24. What did the British do? 25. What have you to say ahout 
Marion ? 26. Tell the story about a British officer in Marion's camp. 27. What did 
Marion say, and what did the officer do ? 28. What was Cornwallis then trying to 
do ? What can you tell about him and Lafayette ? 

1 pe-dee'. 



224 THE REVOLUTION. 



Cornwallis in Virginia. The French and Americans gro there. 

29. Virginia seemed, for awhile, to be doomed to abso- 
lute submission to the enemy. Cornwallis marched to 
Richmond and beyond, destroying an immense amount of 
property. Then turning toward the sea, he marched slowly 
down the James River, followed by Generals Lafayette, 
Wayne, and Steuben. 1 

30. Crossing the James at old Jamestown, where the 
first English settlement was made, Cornwallis marched to 
Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk, in July. In August he 
went to Yorhtown, on the York River, and there, building 
strong fortifications around his camp, he gathered together 
all the British troops in Virginia. 

31. Washington so deceived Sir Henry Clinton, at 
New York, that the British commander had no suspicion 
that the French and American armies were going to Vir- 
ginia until they were so far on the way that pursuit would 
be useless. Then Clinton sent the traitor Anwld to deso- 
late the New England coasts, hoping thereby to cause the 
Americans to return for their defence. 

32. Arnold performed the task willingly. He burned 
New London, almost in sight of his birth-place at Nor- 
wich. He allowed a horrid massacre of prisoners captured 
at Fort Griswold. But these cruelties did not turn Wash- 
ington from his purpose ; and late in September the 
allied armies, twelve thousand strong, appeared before York- 
town. 

33. Meanwhile the French admiral, Count de Grasse, 2 

Questions.— 29. What seemed to be the doom of Virginia ? What did Cornwallis 
do? 30. What more can you tell about the movements of Cornwallis ? 31. How did 
Washington deceive Clinton? What did Clinton do? 32. Give an account of 
Arnold's doings. What did the allied armies do ? 

1 sty '-ben. a deh-grass 1 . 



THE REVOLUTION. 



225 



si French Fleet near York town. 



Siege of Yorktown. 




COUNT DE GRASSE. 



had arrived with a French fleet, and, after battling with the 

British fleet under Admiral Graves, at the entrance to 

Chesapeake Bay, blockaded the York 

and James Rivers. He was now ready 

to assist the land forces in besieging 

Yorktown. 
34. After careful preparations the 

allied armies began a general attack upon 

the British fortifications and shipping. 

Several of the British vessels were 

burned by hot shot, and Comwallis was 

driven out of his quarters in Governor Kelson's stone house, 

to the shelter of a cave 
in the high river-bank. 

35. For awhile, 
Comwallis hoped for 
aid from Clinton. 
This hope failed, and 
he attempted to escape 
by crossing the York 
River in the darkness 
of a stormy night. He 
failed in this, and then, 
in despair, offered to 
surrender. 

36. Arrangements 
were soon made, and on the 19th of October, 1781, Com- 
wallis and his troops, about seven thousand in number, 

Questions.— 33. What can you tell about the French and British fleets ? 34. What 
can you tell about the attack on fortifications and shipping? 35. What did Com- 
wallis hope for ? What did he attempt to do ? 36. What can you tell about the sur- 
render of Comwallis ? 




SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 



226 THE REVOLUTION. 



Effects of the Surrender of Cornwallis. 




with his vessels and seamen, were surrendered to Washing- 
ton and Rochambeaw. Clinton, who 
had just arrived with as many more 
troops, amazed at the event, returned 
to New York thoroughly disheartened. 
37. The surrender of Corn- 
wallis was a signal and crowning 
victory for the Americans. It was 
the final blow which secured their inde- 

COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU. pendence rf ^ political mle Q f Great 

Britain. The King and his ministers, the parliament and 
the people, were confounded by the disaster. 

38. Throughout the United States there was universal 
joy, such as had never been felt before. From churches and 
legislative halls; from the army and from the Congress, and 
at wayside gatherings of the people, went up a shout of 
thanksgiving and praise to the Lord God Omnipotent for 
the success of the allied troops. 

39. The news reached Philadelphia at midnight. The 
watchmen cried out, with their loudest voices : " Twelve 
o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken ! " Very soon lights were 
seen moving in all the houses. The inhabitants poured into 
the streets and filled the air with huzzas. The news had 
been nearly five days coming from Yorhtoivn to Philadel- 
phia. Now it could be sent in five seconds. 

40. The next morning (Oct. 24, 1781), the secretary of 
the Congress then in session in Philadelphia, read a letter 
from Washington, to that body, giving an account of the 

Questions.— 37. What have you to say about this victory and its- effects in Eng- 
land ? 38. What were the effects of the victory in the United States ? 39. What can 
you tell about the arrival and effect of the news in Philadelphia? 40. What did the 
Congress do ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 



227 



Co?i</?-ess, in a 2?ortj>, Offer Thanksffivitifjs for Victory. 



surrender. Then the members all went in procession to the 
Lutheran Church, and there returned thanks to God for the 
great victory. Yet the war was not quite ended 




fUrd (JkorniualUs 



Ik NORFOLK % 

PORTSMOUTH 



41. We have considered in this section— 

(1) The character of the American -patriots; (2) justice 
toward the army and the establishment of a National 
Bank ; (3) doings of the traitor Arnold ; (4) the Cam- 
paign of Greene in the Carolinas ; (5) the battle at the 
Cowpens, and the race between Greene and CornwaUis ; 
(6) the battles at Guilford Court House, Hobkirk's Hill, 
and Eutaw Springs; (7) the camp of Marion ; (8) Corn- 
waUis inVirginia; (9) the siege of Yorktown, and (10) 
the surrender of CornwaUis. 



Questions.— 41. What have we considered in this section 



228 THE REVOLUTION. 



Military Operations after the Surrender. Preparations for Peace, 

SECTION VIII. 

CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 
[1782-1789.] 

1. The news of the surrender of Cornwallis 

reached General Greene on the High Rills of the Santee 
on the 30th of October. It was an omen of peace to the 
patriots of South Carolina, and Governor Butledge soon 
called a legislative assembly. Yet vigilance was necessary, 
for there was a considerable body of British troops yet in 
Charleston, and Tories were plentiful everywhere. 

2. Marion kept watch near Charleston ; Greene and his 
army took a position on the Edisto ; Wayne, always wide 
awake, kept the British in Georgia close within the city of 
Savannah ; St. Clair, marching down from Yorhtown, 
made the British troops at Wilmington flee into Charles- 
ton ; and Washington, who had returned to the North with 
his army, made Sir Henry Clinton and his troops close 
prisoners in the city of New York. 

3. It was now the spring of 1782. The British govern- 
ment now gave up the American colonies as lost to the 
realm, and ordered the British commanders in America to 
stop fighting and prepare to leave the country. At mid- 
summer the British left Savannah, but those in Charles- 
ton did not depart until near the close of the year. 

4. General Leslie, in command at Charleston, tried to 
seize food for his army in the interior of South Carolina. 



Questions.— 1. What have you to tell about the effects of the news of the surrender 
of Cornwallis in South Carolina? 2. What can you tell ahout the movements of 
American troops ? 3. What did the British government and its troops do ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 229 



The -Last 2ilood Shed in the War. 2'reaty for Peace. 

Late in August, 1782, a British foraging party attempted 
to ascend the Combahee 1 River, when they were met by 
some Americans under Colonel John Laurens, and in a 
skirmish on the 25th that young officer was killed. In Sep- 
tember following, the American captain Wilmot, was 
killed in a skirmish at Stono Fennj, below Charleston. 
This was the last blood shed in the old War for Inde- 
pendence. 

5. Meanwhile commissioners, appointed by the United 
States and Great Britain, had met at Paris to make 
arrangements for peace. A preliminary treaty to that effect 
was signed there on the 30th of November, 1782. A final 
and definitive treaty was signed on the 3d of September, 1783. 
Then the British monarch acknowledged the independence 
of the United States. 

6 . While these peace measures were going on, the British 
held New York with a military force, and Washington, 
with a small army at West Point and 
Neivburgh, on the Hudson, watched 
them. In the spring of 1783, the 
suffering American troops were 
tempted to revolt, but the prudence 
of Washington and their own 
patriotism prevented the calamity. 

7. On the 25th of November, 
1783, the British troops left New GENERAL KNOX " 
York and sailed for England. On the same day American 

Questions.^. What can you tell about skirmishes in South Carolina and the last 
hlood shed in the war ? 5. What can you tell about negotiations for peace ? 6. What 
can you tell about the two armies and the temptations of the American troops ? 7. 
Give an account of the movements of British and American troops at, New York. 

1 kom-ba-hee'. 




230 



THE REVOLUTION. 



^British Evacuate JV'ew York. 



yfashington Resigns his Commission. 




GOVERNOR CLINTON. 



troops under General Knox, accompanied by Washington, 
marched into the city, and Governor 
George Clinton established civil gov- 
ernment there. 

8. On the 2d of November Wash- 
ington issued a Farewell Address to 
the Armies of the United States, 
about to be disbanded. A few days 
after the British left JVew York, he 
called his principal officers together 
there, and in person bade them an 
affectionate farewell. Then he went to Annapolis, in Mary- 
land, where the Congress was in ses- 
sion, and resigned his 
commission as com- 
mander-in-chief into the 
hands of General Mif- 
flin, then their Presi- 
dent. 

9. A little while be- 
fore the disbanding of 
the Continental army, 
the officers formed an association, for mutual 
friendship and assistance, which they called the 
Society of the Cincinnati. They adopted 
an " order," or badge, made of gold and enamel, 
which, with membership, was to descend to 
their nearest masculine representative for all time. This 
society is yet in existence. 

Questions.— 8. What did Washington do ? 9. What can you tell about the Society 
of the Cincinnati ? 10. What have you to say about the first plan of a national gov- 
ernment ? 




GENERAL MTPPLIN. 




THE ORDER. 



THE REVOLUTION. 231 



Articles of Confederation >} a Failure. 



10. The States, in 1781, by their representatives in Con- 
gress, had adopted a plan for a national government, called 
Articles of Confederation. It was simply a League 
of States, with no real sovereign power, and was not fitted 
for the foundation of a nation. The people in some places 
refused to pay taxes at the call of the general government, 
and in Massachusetts they were in armed rebellion, led by 
Daniel Shays. This is known as Shays's Rebellion. 

1 1 . Leading men soon perceived the necessity for another 
plan of government, and in the course of a few years a con- 
vention was called at Philadelphia to consider the subject. 
Representatives from all the States excepting Rhode Island 
met there in the summer of 1787, and framed what is known 
as our National Constitution. Washington was Presi- 
dent of the Convention, and Dr. Franklin, then more than 
eighty-one years of age, was one of the most active of its 
members. 

12. For several days the Convention could not agree upon 
a plan, and it seemed as if their labors would be fruitless. 
One morning Dr. Fj'anklin proposed that the proceedings 
should be opened each day with prayers to Almighty God 
for guidance. This was not done, because there was no 
money which could be appropriated for the payment of a 
minister of the Gospel for the sacred service. 

13. The Constitution then formed was submitted to the 
people of the several States for consideration. It was agreed 
to by a majority of them, and on the 4th of March, 1789, 
the old Continental Congress expired, and the National 
Constitution became the Great Law of the Republic. 

Questions.— 11. What did leading men perceive, and what was done ? 12. What 
did Franklin do in the Convention, and what was the result? 13. What was 
done with the National Constitution, and what did it become ? 



232 



THE REVOLUTION'. 



Washington Inaugurated President of the United States. 

Washington was inaugurated the first President of the 
United States on the 30th of April following. 



' /'"'IVji - 




FRANKLIN OFFERING HIS MOTION FOR PRAYERS IN THE NATIONAL CONTENTION. 

14. This was the final act of the Revolution ; and was 
the closing work of the patriots. Then the United States 
of America commenced their glorious national career. 



Questions.— 14. What have you to say about the effects of the Constitution 
on the national character ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 233 



Character of the National Government. Outliyie of Important Events. 

They were no longer a mere League of States, but united 
under one General Government. Then, for the first 
time, did England fully acknowledge our independence, by 
sending a representative of the British government to reside 
at our national capital. 

15. We have considered in this section — 
(1) The vigilance of the Americans after the surrender 
of Cornivallis ; (2) the action of the British govern- 
ment ; (3) the last skirmishes of the war ; (4) the nego- 
tiations for peace ; (5) the abandonment of the country 
by the British ; (6) the formation of the Society of the 
Cincinnati ; and (7) the establishment of a national gov- 
ernment. 

OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EYENTS FROM 1763 TO 1789.* 

1765. Stamp Act Congress meets in New York in October. Patrick 

Henry's great speech in the Virginia Assembly. 

1766. Stamp Act repealed in March. 

1768. Tax-gatherers sent to Boston and opposed by the people. 

1770. Massacre of citizens in Boston by British troops in March* 

1771. The " Regulator " movements in North Carolina. 

1772. The British schooner Gaspe burned in Narraganset Bay, by 

Americans, in June. 

1773. Cargoes of tea destroyed by a mob in Boston Harbor in 'Decem- 

ber. 

1774- The port of Boston closed against commerce by the British min- 
istry in J~u7ie. A general or Continental Congress assemble 
in Philadelphia in Septembei\ Minute-men organized in 
different colonies. 

1775. Attention of Parliament called to American affairs in January. 
Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord in jipril. A second 
Continental Congress assembles at Philadelphia in May. 

Questions.— 15. What have we considered in this section ? 
* See foot-note on page 32. 



234 THE REVOLUTION. 



Outline of Important Events. 



Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by the Americans in 
May. A considerable British army in Boston in June. 
Battle of Bunker's (Breed's) Hill, and Washington appointed 
commander-in-chief of the Americans, in June. Washing- 
ton takes command of the army at Cambridge in July. The 
Congress issues Bills of Credit, or paper money. Revolution- 
ary movements throughout the colonies. Governor Dunmore 
driven from Virginia. St. Johns, on the Sorel, and Montreal 
captured by the Americans in November. Quebec besieged 
and Americans repulsed in 'December. Americans declared 
to be " rebels." German troops hired by the British govern- 
ment to fight the Americans. 

1776. The British army driven out of Boston in .March. German 

troops arrive at Quebec in Jlfay. A British land and naval 
force attack the fort on Sullivan's Island in the harbor of 
Charleston and are repulsed in June. British troops under 
General Howe near New York in Ju?ie. Declaration of 
Independence adopted by the Congress in July. Battle on 
Long Island near New York, in August. British take pos- 
session of New York, and battle on Harlem Plains, in Sep- 
tember. Battle at White Plains in October. Capture of 
Fort Washington in November. Flight of Washington 
across New Jersey, pursued by Cornwallis, in November 
and 'December. The Congress flee to Baltimore from Phila- 
delphia, and the Americans capture Hessians or Germans at 
Trenton in "December. Commissioners sent to France to ask 
for aid for the Americans. 

1777. Battle at Princeton, and march of Americans to Morristown, in 

January. Danbury burned by Governor Tryon, and battle 
near Ridgefield, in April. Raid by Colonel Meigs on the 
British vessels at Sag Harbor in Jlfay. Capture of the 
British General Prescott on Rhode Island by Colonel Barton, 
in July. Burgoyne collects a force at St. Johns in Canada, 
in June and July. British plans for the campaign of 1777 
revealed. Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Skenesborough cap- 
tured by Burgoyne, and the battle at Hubbardton, in July. 
Lafayette joins the army under Washington in July. Battle 
near Bennington and at Oriskany in August. Battle on the 
Brandy wine ; Congress flee to Lancaster and York ; and battle 
on Bemis' Heights, in September. Battle on Bemis' Heights 
and capture of Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga, in Octo- 
ber*. Battle at Germantown, and capture of Forts Clinton and 



THE REVOLUTION. 235 



Outline of Important Events. 



Montgomery by the Americans in October. Capture of Forts 
Mifflin and Mercer by the British in J\ r ovembe?\ Washing- 
ton's army marches to Valley Forge in ^December. 

1778. A treaty of alliance between the United States and France com- 

pleted in February. Commissioners to treat for peace came 
from England in April. The British army and navy retreat 
from Philadelphia in June. The army under Clinton chased 
by Washington across New Jersey, and fight a battle at Mon- 
mouth Court-House, in June. D'Estaing arrives with a 
French fleet in July, and sails for Rhode Island to help Gen- 
eral Sullivan drive the British from there. Tories and Indians 
desolate the Wyoming Valley in July. French and English 
fleets off Rhode Island, scattered by a storm, and the Ameri- 
cans defeated in a battle on Quaker Hill, Rhode Island, in 
August. Cherry Valley desolated by Brant and Tories in 
November. Savannah captured by the British in Decem- 
ber. 

1779. The British under Campbell take possession of Augusta in 

January, and George Roger Clarke captures British posts 
in the Illinois country the same month. Tories defeated at 
Kettle Creek in February. Americans under Colonel Ashe 
defeated at Brier Creek in March. The British under Gen- 
eral Prevost threaten Charleston, but decamp, in May. 
Southern Virginia ravaged, and Stony Point captured by the 
British the same month. Americans defeated at Stono Ferry 
in June. Tryon burns East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, 
and Stony Point recaptured by General Wayne, in July. 
British post at Paulus' Hook captured by Major Henry Lee in 
August. General Sullivan chastises the Indians in Western 
New York, and Paul Jones gains naval victories, in Septem- 
ber. The American and French troops besiege and abandon 
Savannah, where Pulaski was killed, in October. 

1780. Charleston, S. C, besieged by the British under Clinton in April, 

and surrendered to him in May. Clinton returns to New 
York ; a French fleet with an army under Rochambeau arrives 
at Newport, Rhode Island ; New Jersey invaded by the British, 
and a battle at Springfield in that State, in June. Battle at 
Sanders' Creek between Gates and Cornwallis, the former 
defeated, in August. Arnold's treason discovered in Sep- 
tember. Battle of King's Mountain, and Major Andre hung 
as a spy, in October. 

1781. Mutiny in the American army at Morristown, and noble display 



236 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Outline of Important Event*. "Principal "Battles of the "Revolution. 

of patriotism, in Ja?iuary. The traitor Arnold desolates 
Virginia during the winter and spring. Battle of the Cow- 
pens in January. Race of Greene and Cornwallis across 
the Carolinas in February. Battle at Guilford Court-House, 
in North Carolina, in Jlfarch. Battle at Hobkirk's Hill in 
April. Capture of four British posts in South Carolina in 
Jl€ay. Siege of Fort Ninety-Six in June. Cornwallis at 
the head of British troops in Virginia in June and July. 
Greene on the High Hills of Santee in July and August. 
Cornwallis forms a fortified camp at Yorktown in August. 
Battle at Eutaw Springs, and New London burned by Arnold 
the traitor, in Septembe?\ Surrender of Cornwallis and his 
army to Washington and Rochambeau in October. 

1782. In Jtfarch the British government order the troops in America 

to stop fighting and prepare to leave the country. The British 
leave Savannah in July. Colonel Laurens killed on the 
Combahee in August. The last blood of the Revolution 
shed near Stono Ferry in September. Preliminary treaty of 
peace signed at Paris in November. 

1783. Temptation to mutiny in the army at Newburgh in the spring. 

opposed by patriotism. Washington issues his Farewell 
Address to the Armies of the United States, and the British 
troops leave New York, in J\ r ore??ibe?\ Washing-ton takes 
leave of his officers the same month. Resigns his commission 
into the hands of the President of Congress in December. 

1787. A convention at Philadelphia frames a national constitution in 
September. Northwestern territory organized. 

1789. The Continental Congress expires and a national government 
begins its career in March. Washington inaugurated first 
President of the United States in April. 



The following is a list of the principal battles of the Revo- 
lution, with the dates of their occurrence : 



NAME. DATE. 

1775. 

Lexington April 19 

Bunker Hill June 17 

Siege of St. Johns Nov. 

Quebec Dec. 31 

1776. 
Fort Moultrie June 28 



NAME. DATE. 

Long Island Aug. 27 

White Plains Oct. 28 

Fort Washington Nov. 16 

Trenton Dec. 26 

1777. 

Princeton Jan. 3 

Ridgefield . April 27 



THE REVOLUTION. 



237 



"Principal "Bailies of the "Revolution. 



NAME. DATE. 

Hubbarclton July 7 

Oriskany Aug. 6 

Bennington Aug. 16 

Brandywine Sept. 11 

Bemis's Heights Sept. 19 

Paoli Sept. 20 

Germantown Oct. 4 

Forts Clinton and Montgomery. .. Oct. 6 

Saratoga. . Oct. 7 

Fort Mercer Oct. ?2 

Fort Mifflin Nov. 16 

1778. 

Monmouth June 28 

Wyoming July 3 

Quaker Hill, on Rhode Island Aug. 29 

Savannah Dec. 29 

1779. 

Sunbury Jan. 9 

Kettle Creek Feb. 14 

Brier Creek March 3 

Stono Ferry i June 20 

Stony Point July 15 

Penobscot Aug. 13 

Paulus 1 Hook July 19 

Indian Country in New York Aug. 29 

Flamboro' Head Sept. 23 



NAME. DATE. 

Savannah Oct. 9 

1780. 

Monk's Corner April 14 

Santee Ferry May 6 

Charleston May 12 

Waxhaw May 29 

Springfield June 23 

Rocky Mount. . July 30 

Hanging Rock Aug. 6 

Sanders 1 Creek Aug. 16 

Fishing Creek Aug. 18 

King's Mountain Oct. 7 

Fish Dam Ford Nov. 12 

Blackstock Nov. 20 

1781. 

Cowpens Jan. 17 

Guilford Court-House March 15 

Hobkirk's Hill April 25 

Ninety-Six June 18 

Fort Griswold Sept. 6 

Eutaw Springs Sept. 8 

Yorktown Oct. 19 

1782. 

Combahee Aug. £5 

Near Stono Ferry September. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



230 



)f 'ashington Inaugurated First President of the United States. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE JfJTIOJV, OGL UJIIOJJ OF STATES. 



4&f*Qfr 



SECTION I. 

WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

[1789-1797.] 

1 . Washington reluctantly 
left the quiet of his home at 
Mount Vernon, on the Poto- 
mac 1 River, travelled to the 
city of New Yoi'k, and was 
there inaugurated the 
first President of the 
United States by publicly 
taking the required oath, ad- 
ministered by the chancellor of 
the State of Neiv York, R. R. 
Livingston, on the 30th of 
April, 1789. 

2. The National Con- 
gress was then in session in 
the same city. It was com- 
posed of two bodies of men 
from the several States. One 

body, the most numerous, were called Representatives, 

Questions.— 1. What have you to say about Washington being made President of 
the United States ? 2. Of what is the National Congress composed ? 

1 po-to'-mak. 




WASHINGTON AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



240 THE UNION OF STATES. 

Construction of t7ie National Legislature. President's Veto. 

who were chosen by the people. The smaller body, chosen by 
the State Legislatures of the various States, were called 
Senators, each State having two senators in the National 
Congress. 

3. The Representatives were chosen to serve two years, 
and the Senators six years. The two bodies meet in sepa- 
rate rooms. As the National Congress was then organized, 
so it remains now — composed of the Senate and House of 
Representatives. 

4. An act of either house, or body, can become a law only 
when it shall be agreed to by the other house, and be signed 
by the President of the United States; or if the President 
shall refuse to sign it, it may become a law by receiving 
two-thirds of the votes of both houses in favor of it. Such 
refusal of the President is called his Veto. 

5. The Congress meets once a year, each Congress hav- 
ing two sessions. The President, whose business is to 
execute the laws made by the Congress, is authorized to 
have advisers or assistants in the management of the affairs 
of the government. They are called cabinet ministers, and, 
at first, were only four in number. 

6. The minister for the transaction of business with other 
nations was called Secretary of State. The one who had 
charge of the money affairs of the nation was named Secre- 
tary of the Treasury. Military matters were entrusted to 
a Secretary of War ; and the legal adviser of the President 
was called Attorney-General. 

7. Afterward, when a navy was authorized, a Secretary 

Questions.— 3. What can you tell about Senators and Representatives ? 4. What 
can you tell about the making of laws ? 5. What have you to say about the sessions 
of Congress and the President's advisers? 6. Give the titles of the cabinet minis- 
ters and tell what are their duties. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



241 



Supreme Court. Composition of the National Government. 

of the Navy was added to the Cabinet. Then the one who 
had the general management of postal affairs was called 
Postmaster- General, and added to the Cabinet. Finally 
another cabinet officer was created, called Secretary of the 
Interior, who manages the Indian and other internal affairs 
of the government. 

8. A Supreme Court of the United States was 
formed, consisting of several able lawyers. Whatever may 
be its decrees, in the line of its duty, is law, for it is the 
highest tribunal in the land. It is composed of a Chief 
Justice and five Associate Justices, appointed by the Presi- 
dent and Senate. There were also circuit and district courts 
established in different parts of the country. 

9. The President, Congress, and the Supreme Court formed 
the three co-ordinate branches of the government, which the 
National Constitution authorizes. 

In the Constitution, which was put 
into proper shape by the pen of 
Gouverneur Morris, the duties 
of the members of each branch of 
the government are clearly de- 
fined, as we shall see hereafter. 

10. Alexander Hamilton 
was made the first Secretary of 
the Treasury. As soon as the new 
government was set in motion, he 
devised a plan for the manage- 
ment of its receipts and expenditures, which has always been 

Questions.— 7. What have you to tell about other cabinet ministers ? 8. What 
have you to say about the Supreme Court of the United States ? 9. What composes 
the national government ? By whom was the Constitution put into shape ? 10. What 
have you to say about Alexander Hamilton and the money affairs of the government? 




GOUVERNEUR MORRIS. 



242 THE UNION OF STATES. 




Treasury, Mint, and Sank. Seat of Government. 

considered a wise one, and which, with some slight changes, 

is yet used. 

11. Very soon a Mint for coining money was estab- 
lished ; also a National Bank. The 
seat of the national government was 
permanently fixed in a territory ten 
miles square, lyiug on each side of the 
Potomac River. Part of it was in 
Virginia and part in Maryland. It 
was named by Washington, Tlie Dis- 
trict of Columbia. 

12, In 1791 Vermont was admitted 

ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 

into the Union as the fourteenth State, 
and in 1792, Kentucky as the fifteenth State. Already set- 
tlements had been made north of the Ohio River, beyond 
the limits of the original thirteen States. The region now 
covered by the States of Ohio, Indiana, 1 Illinois, 2 Michi- 
gan? and Wisconsin* was put under a governor in 1787, 
and called The North- Western Territory. 

13. Meanwhile the British held forts in that region, and 
urged the Indians to make war on the Americans. They 
did so. General Harmer was defeated by them in October, 
1790. General St. Clair was defeated by them in Novem- 
ber, 1791 ; but in August, 1794, troops under General Wayne 
made them beg for peace, and keep quiet for more than a 
dozen years. 

14. Political parties were formed in the Republic during 

Questions.— 11. What can you tell about a mint, a national bank and the seat of 
government? 12. What States were admitted to the Union? What can you tell 
about a territory beyond the Ohio Kiver ? 13. What did the British do, and what was 
the result ? 14. What can you tell about political parties ? 

1 in-de-an'-ah. ' U-le-nois'. 3 mish'-e-gan. * wis-con'-sin. 



THE UNION OE STATES. 243 



Political "Parties. S ympathy for French Republicans. Neutrality. 

the administration of Washington. Those who were in 
favor of giving great power to the general government were 
called Federalists. Those who wished to give more 
power to the people and State governments were called 
Republicans. 

15. At about the time our national government was 
established, the people of France rebelled against their 
King. They finally cut off his head, and set up what they 
called a republican government. They made bad work of it, 
and soon found themselves involved in war with England 
and several other nations of Europe. 

16. The American Republicans wished to help the 
French Republicans. Washington, desiring to keep m his 
people from the danger of meddling with the affairs of other 
nations, issued a proclamation, declaring that the United 
States would not take part in the foreign quarrels, and 
warning the people not to engage in them. 

17. That proclamation offended the Republicans, and 
they encouraged the French minister, to our government, 
to defy the President, and to fit out ships of war here to 
fight the English. The President asked the French gov- 
ernment to call him home and send a less mischievous man. 
They did so. 

18. Just as this trouble was passing away, a little rebel- 
lion broke out in Western Pennsylvania. Congress had 
taxed liquors which were made in this country. The whiskey 
distillers in Western Pennsylvania declared that they 
would not pay the tax. They armed themselves, and ill- 

Questions.— 15. What have you to say ahout a revolution in France ? 16. What 
did American republicans do? What did Washington do ? 17. What was the effect 
of his proclamation ? What can you tell ahout a French minister ? 18, What can 
you tell about a little rebellion t 



244 THE UNION OF STATES. 

Whiskey Insurrection. Jay's Treaty. Algerine 'Pirates. 




treated the tax-collectors. In 1794, Washington sent troops 
there to enforce the laws. That is known as The Whis- 
key Insurrection. 

19. Bad feeling was beginning to grow between the 
Americans and British, because the latter did not act ac- 
cording to the agreement made by the treaty of 1783. The 
President sent John Jay to Eng- 
land to adjust all matters in dispute. 
Jay negotiated a new treaty, which 
some Americans condemned and 
some approved. This treaty was a 
subject for hot disputes for some 
time. 

20. American commerce was 
now working its way into the 
Mediterranean Sea, where it met 
the African sea-robbers of Algiers, 1 who seized the ships 
and made slaves of the sailors. Congress authorized ships 
to be built to protect American commerce, and this was the 
beginning of our Navy. For several years our govern- 
ment was compelled to pay tribute to the Algerine 2 ruler, 
to keep his pirates from American merchantmen. 

2 1 . Washington was twice elected President. The peo- 
ple wished to elect him for a third term of four years, but he 
would not consent. In the autumn of 1796, they were com- 
pelled to make choice of a new man. The political parties 
had a sharp contest. John Adams, the Vice-President, and 
a Federalist, was elected President. 

Questions.— 19. What have you to say ahout the conduct of the British and a new 
treaty? 20. What can you tell about American commerce in the Mediterranean Sea? 
21. What can you tell about a choice for President ? 

1 aM-jeers'. a ahl-je reen'. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 245 



Washington** Farewell Address. President Adams and his 2'roubles. 

22. Before retiring from office, Washington issued his 
Farewell Address to the people of the United States. 
It was a noble exhortation to the people to preserve their 
national union. On the 4th of March, 1797, he returned to 
Mount Vernon, with no expectation of being called into 
public life again. 

23. In this section we have considered— 

(1) Washington as the first President ; (2) the structure 
of the national government ; (3) organization of the 
North- West Territory ; (4) war with the Indians ; (5) the 
French Revolution and its effects here ; (6) the Whiskey 
Insurrection ; (7) Jay's Treaty; (8) the Algerine -pi- 
rates ; and (9) the retirement of Washington. 



SECTION II. 

ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 
[1797-1801.] 

1. John Adams, of Massachusetts, was inaugurated the 
second President of the United States on the 4th of 
March, 1797. He had to contend with serious troubles from 
the beginning. There was opposition from parties at home 
and enemies abroad. 

2. The rulers of France were offended because the Amer- 
ican government would not help them in their struggle 
against Kings. Jay's treaty seemed to show friendliness on 



Questions. — 22. What have you to say about Washington's Farewell Address, and 
his retirement from office ? 23. What have Ave considered in this section ? 

Questions. — 1. What have you to say about John Adams ? 2. What can you tell 
about the rulers of France and the Americans ? 



246 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



Troubles with the French Settled. 



Death of Washington. 



the part of America to England, with whom France was 

at war. 

3, The President called Congress together in May, 1797, 

to consult upon the matter. 
They sent three agents to 
France to adjust all matters in 
dispute. These were insulted by 
the Directory, as the five men 
who ruled Finance, were called. 
4. War with France 
seemed probable, and our gov- 
ernment prepared for it. Pro- 
vision was made for an army 
with Washington at its head. 
Soon afterward JVapoleon Bo- 
naparte, an ambitious soldier, 
took the government of France 
into his own hands. He was 
wise and courteous, and the dif- 
ficulty was soon settled after a 
few contests between American 
and French war-vessels on the 




ADAMS, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



ocean. 

5. Washington did not live 
to see this happy result. He died at Mount Vernon on the 
14th of December, 1799, and was mourned by Americans 
and Europeans, who loved the liberty for which he had 
struggled. Statues have been erected to his memory, and 



Questions.— 3. What did the President do? What did Congress do? 4. What 
seemed probable ? What did the government do ? What can you tell about Napo- 
leon Bonaparte ? 5. What have you to say about Washington ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 247 



City of Washington Founded. 



people of all lands, who know of his deeds, revere his 
name. 

6. In the District of Columbia, a capital, or chief town 
of the nation was laid out, and named the City of Wash- 
ington. . It was made the seat of the national govern- 
ment in the year 1800, and has remained so ever since. 

7. In the autumn of the year 1800, the Federalists and 
Republicans had a severe contest for power. The Repub- 
licans finally won the victory by electing TJiomas Jeffer- 
son, of Virginia, President of the United States, and 
Aaron Burr, of New York, Vice-President. 

8. We have considered in this section- 
al) The inauguration of John Adams as President of 

the United States ; (2) the relations of the United States 
with France ; (3) preparations for war with France, and 
a settlement of the difficulties ; (4) the death of Washing- 
ton; (5) the establishment of a seat of government at 
Washington City, and (6) the election of a new Presi- 
dent. 

SECTION III. 

JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

[1801-1809.] 

1. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated the third Pres- 
ident of the United States on the 4th of March, 1801. 
The ceremony took place at the new capitol, in Washington 

Questions.— 6. Tell about the national capitol and seat of government. 7. What 
can you tell about an election ? 8. What have we considered in this section ? 

Questions — 1. What have you to say about Mr. Jefferson and the place where he 
was inaugurated ? 



248 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



^Purchase of Louisiana and its Division. The African Sea-Hobbers. 

City, a building not nearly so large as it is now. Mr. Jef- 
ferson was the man who wrote the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

2. Much was done for the prosperity of the United 

States during the administration 
of Mr. Jefferson. In the au- 
tumn of 1802 Ohio was admitted 
into the Union of States. The 
next year the vast region west of 
the Mississippi River from the 
Gulf to Minnesota and west- 
ward to the Pacific, known as 
Louisiana, was purchased from 
France by the United States 
for $15,000,000. 

3. This great territory was 
divided. The southern part was 
called the Territory of New 
Orleans, and the northern part 
the District of Louisiana. 
Since then several States and 
many Territories have been 
formed from this domain. 

4. The African sea-robbers 
were again troublesome, and our 

government resolved not longer to pay tribute for their for- 
bearance from plunder. The ruler of Ti*ipoli on the north 
African coast finally declared war against the United 
States. 




JEFFERSON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



Questions.— 2. What can you tell about the country, and the purchase of Louisi- 
ana ? 3. How was that territory divided ? 4, What can you say about the African 
sea-robbers and rulers ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



249 



American Vessel Captured at Tripoli. 



5. In the year 1801, American war vessels were sent to 
the Mediterranean to protect Amer- 
ican commerce there. They did not 
effect much. Finally, in 1803, Com- 
modore Preble 1 was sent with a num- 
ber of vessels to chastise the pi- 
rates. 

6. One of Preble's vessels, the 
frigate Philadelphia, struck upon a 




UNITED STATES FRIGATE. 




COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 



rock in the harbor of Tripoli? 
and was captured by the enemy. 
Her commander, Captain Bain- 
bridge, and his officers were made 
prisoners of war, and the sailors 
were made slaves, and suffered 
dreadfully. 

7. Early 
in 1804 Lieu- 
tenant De- 
catur 3 sailed into the harbor of 

Tripoli with a small vessel on a dark 

night, drove the Tripolitans from the 

Philadelphia, set her on fire, and 

escaped. This bold act alarmed the 

governor of Tripoli. 

8. That governor had no right to his 

office. It belonged to his brother Hamet, whom he had 

Questions.— 5. What did Americans do ? 6. Tell about the capture of an Ameri* 
can frigate and her officers and crew. 7. What did Decatur do ? 8. What have you 
to say about the governor of Tripoli ? 




LIEUTENANT DECATUR. 



preb'-l. 3 trip'-o-le. 



de-ka'-tur. 



250 



THE UNION OF STATES. 




MOHAMMEDAN 
SOLDIER. 



Military Expedition in Africa. Chastisement of the Sea-jRobbers. 

driven into Egypt. Hamet joined the Americans against 
his usurping brother. 

9. In the spring of 1805 some American 
seamen and Mohammedan soldiers led by 
General William Eaton and accompanied 
by Hamet, traversed the Egyptian deserts 
from Alexandria, captured the Tripolitan 
city of Derne, 1 and were pressing on Tripoli 
when the governor made peace with the agent 
of the United States, who was there. 

10. The American navy restrained, but 
did not subdue the pirates. That task was 
left for Decatur to perform in after years. 

11. In the summer of 1804, Alexander Hamilton and 
Aaron Burr, rival political leaders, 
fought a duel. Hamilton was killed, 
and Burr became a fugitive. Beyond 
the Alleghany Mountains he devised 
a scheme for self -elevation which has 
never been fully revealed. 

12. It was believed that Burr con- ^\ 
templated a division of the Union, ^i§j| Vwlt 
and setting up a separate nation west- 
ward of the Alleghany Mountains, 
with himself at its head. He was arrested on a charge of 
treason in 1807, tried, and acquitted. He, however, lost the 
respect of his countrymen forever. 




AARON RURR. 



Questions.— 9. What can you tell about an expedition under Eaton ? 10. What 
did the American forces effect? 11. Give an account of Hamilton and Burr. 12. 
What have you to say about Burr and his scheme ? 



der'-ne. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



251 



First Successful Steamboat. 



The United States and Europe. 




ROBERT FULTON, 



13. The same year, Robert Fulton, an American artist 
and inventor, having made ma- 
chinery for driving vessels by steam, 
performed a successful voyage on 
the Hudson River, from New 
York to Albany, with a steam- 
boat. This was the beginning of 
successful navigation by steam 
in the world. 

14. Now there was serious trouble 
in Europe. War was raging in many parts. Bonaparte 

had made himself Emperor of France 
and three of his brothers Kings of 
other countries. The Continent of 
Europe and Great Britain were 
in arms against him. 

15. The United States kept 
aloof from the strife, and, for a long time, American mer- 
chant vessels were allowed to trade in all parts of the world. 
They were called neutrals, because they did not take sides 
with any party. 

16. A change came in the year 1806. England and 
France, in order to injure each other, closed many Euro- 
pean ports, and both parties seized American vessels. 
American commerce was soon ruined. Our government 
had but few large ships to protect it, and the swarm of gun- 
boats which Congress ordered were hardly sufficient to form 
a coast-guard. 




FULTON S STEAMBOAT. 



Questions.— 13. Tell about the first successful steamboat. 14. What have you to 
say about affairs iu Europe, and Bonaparte ? 15. What did the United States do, and 
what was the effect ? 16. Tell about the treatment of American vessels, and the 
action of our government. 




252 THE UNION OF STATES, 

ffiff/tt of Search. Chesapeake and Leojjard. Embargo vlct. 

17. Americans naturally felt bitter toward the English, 

^v ^jv with whom they had treaties of friend- 

fl^ Hk, sm P" ^is f eenn g was increased by the 

lil flilM British claiming the right to enter 

American vessels and take away any 

English seamen found on board of 

them. This was called the right of 

search. 

A FELLUCA GUN-BOAT. 

18. The exercise of the claimed 
right of search finally led to war between the United States 
and Great Britain. British cruisers became so insolent 
that the Americans could not endure their insults. 

19. In June, 1807, the British ship Leopard, attacked 
the American ship Chesapeake, off the coast of Virginia, 
because the commander of the latter would not allow the 
British to search his vessel. The Chesapeake was badly 
injured, and British seamen were taken from her by force. 

20. This outrage made the Americans very angry. The 
President issued a decree, in which he ordered every British 
armed vessel to leave American waters immediately, 
and not to return until the British government should give 
full satisfaction for the outrage. 

21. Meanwhile, England and France did all they could 
to injure each other. American commerce continued to 
suffer at their hands. The British would not give up the 
right of search. Therefore, late in 1807, Congress passed 
an Embargo Act, which forbade vessels of all kinds leaving 
or entering American ports. 

Questions.— 17. What caused ill-feelings between the Americans and the English? 
18. What right lid the British claim, and how did they exercise it? 19. What can 
you tell about a British outrage? 20. What did the President do? 21. How did 
England and France act? What have you to say about the action of the English and 
Americans ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 253 

Embargo old Repeated. James Madison President. 

22. This was a hard blow against American com- 
merce. It killed it, without seeming to do good, for Eng- 
land and France cared very little what the Americans 
did or said. Early in the spring of 1809 the Embargo 
Act was repealed, and Congress forbade commercial inter- 
course with France and England. 

23. Mr. Jefferson had now been President of the United 
States eight years. He was succeeded in office by James 
Madison of Virginia. 

24. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The inauguration of Mr. Jefferson ; (2) the ad- 
dition of a State and Territories ; (3) the doings of the 
African sea-robbers, and a war with them ; (4) the duel 
of Hamilton and Burr ; (5) Burr's conspiracy ; (6) 
the first successful steamboat ; (7) affairs in Europe, and 
their influence on Americans ; (8) events tending to war 
between Great Britain and the United States, and (9) 
the Embargo Act. 

SECTION IV. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

[1809-1817.] 

1. It was a time of great commotion in the political 
world when, on the 4th of March, 1809, James Madison, 
the fourth President of the United States, took 
his oath of office. He had been a member of the Continental 

Questions.— 22. How was American commerce destroyed, and what was done? 
23. What have you to say ahout Mr. Jefferson and a new President? 24. What have 
we considered in this section ? 

Questions.— 1. What have you to say about President Madison? 



254 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



The "British King and Ministry. 



JVon- Intercourse. 



Congress and an earnest advocate of the National Consti- 
tution. 

2. On account of continued troubles with France and 
Great Britain, he called Congress together soon after ho 

entered the office of President, to 
consult upon public matters. 

3. Mr. Madison was assured 
by the British minister at 
Washington City that a special 
envoy or agent would soon come 
from the King, to settle all ex- 
isting difficulties between the 
two governments. Thereupon 
the President proclaimed a re- 
newal of commercial relations 
with the British. 

4. The British ministry, in 
spite of the good intentions of 
the King, proceeded in their un- 
righteous course, and the Presi- 
dent felt compelled to proclaim 
commercial non-inter- 
course with Great Britain. 

5. British war-ships seized 
American vessels and sent 

them to England as prizes. About the middle of April, 
1811, the British sloop-of-war Little Belt attacked the 
American ship President, off the coast of Virginia. 




MADISON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



Questions.— 2. What did Madison do? 3 How was the President deceived? 
4. What did the British ministry and the President do ? 5. Whet can you tell about 
British war-ships and a fight ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 255 



Indian Confederacy* 'Battle at Tippecanoe. The Issue Met. 

They had a severe fight. This event created much ill- 
feeling. 

6. British officers and traders in the northwest again 
tried to get the Indians to make war on the Americans. 
A Shawnoese 1 chief named Tecumtha 2 formed a con- 
federacy of tribes, for the purpose of driving the Amer- 
icans from the country northwest of the Ohio River 

7. General Harrison (afterward President of the United 
States) was then governor of the Indiana Territory. He 
saw the impending danger, and caused the settlers there to 
arm themselves. In the summer of 1811, he marched a con- 
siderable force into the Indian country to watch the move- 
ments of the savages. 

8. Early in November, when Harrison and his men were 
encamped near the Tippecanoe* River, the Indians fell 
upon them on a dark night. A hard fight ensued, which 
lasted until near morning, when the Indians were driven 
away. That was on the 7th of November. Tecumtha' s 
plan was ruined. 

9. The people now felt that longer forbearance with the 
insults and injuries of Great Britain would be to make 
themselves slaves to that government. They resolved to 
fight again for their independence. British newspapers 
had insolently asserted that " the Americans can't be kicked 
into a war." 

10. Abhorring an appeal to arms, yet accepting it with 
cheerfulness when it became necessary, the President, on 

Questions.— 6. What did British officers and traders do ? What did an Indian 
chief do? 7. What can yon tell about General Harrison and the Indians? 8. What 
can you tell about an encampment and battle ? 9. What have you to say about the 
Americans and the British ? 10. What did the President now do ? What may that 
war be properly called ? 

1 skaw-no-ees' . 2 teh-kum' -tha. 3 tippe-ca-noo' '. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 257 

War Against England Declared. Invasion of Canada Planned. 

the 19th of June, 1812, declared war against Great 
Britain, by the authority of the National Congress. That 
conflict, known in history as The War of 1812, may properly 
be called 

THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

11. Congress made ample provisions for prosecuting the 
war on land. The American Navy was then feeble com- 
pared to that of Great Bjdtain, it having only twelve large 
war vessels, while the Royal Navy contained over nine hun- 
dred of all kinds. Yet the Americans went into the war 
with a confidence that they would win. 

12. General Dearborn 1 of Massachusetts, an officer of 
the old war for independence, was 
chosen general-in-chief of the armies, 
with other old army officers as his 
assistants. A plan for the invasion 
and capture of Canada was 
arranged, and General William Hull, 

%== then governor of the Territory of Mich- 
W"" i£an, was instructed to carry it out. 

13. Hull was ordered to cross 

GENERAL DEARBORN. 

the Detroit 11 River into Canada^ 
capture Fort Maiden? and take possession of the prov- 
ince. He went over in July, but soon felt compelled to 
return. Hearing of the capture of Fort Mackinaw, 4 
a strong barrier against the Indians of the northwest, the 
defeat of a detachment which he had sent out, under Major 

Questions.— 11. What did Congress do ? What can you tell ahout the American 
and British navies ? 12. What have you to say about the appointment of officers and 
plan of a campaign ? 13. What was general Hull ordered to do ? What did he hear 
of, and what did he do ? 

1 dehr'-bum. a deh-troit'. s mawl'-den. * mak'-i-naiv. 




258 THE UNION OF STATES. 



Surrender of Detroit. The Fate of Hull. 

Van Home, to escort a provision train to Detroit; and 
confronted by a strong British force, he thought it prudent 
to take shelter in the fort at Detroit. 

14. The British General Brock followed Hall across 
the river and demanded the surrender of the fort at De- 
troit. He threatened to take it by force, and let his 
Indians loose upon the garrison. Hull believed that he 
would carry out his threat, and, for the sake of his people, he 
surrendered the fort, army and territory on the 16th of 
August. 

15. Because of this loss the Americans were greatly 
mortified and irritated. Hull was charged with cowardice 
and treason ; and by a court-martial was sentenced to be 
shot. He was pardoned by the President. In after years 
his conduct was commended by the American people as 
humane and right. 

16. A plan was arranged in the summer of 1812 for in- 
vading Canada across the Niagara 1 River. On the 
morning of the 13th of October, about three hundred 
American troops, under Colonel Solomon Van Rens- 
selaer, 2 crossed from Lewiston to attack the British on 
Queenstoivn Heights. 

17. The battle was severe. Colonel Van Rensselaer 
was badly wounded and carried across the river. The 
British were driven from the Heights, and there General 
Brock was killed. Other British troops attacked and beat 
the Americans the same day. Both armies suffered much. 
Many Americans were made prisoners. 

Questions.— 14. What did General Brock do and threaten ? and what did Hull 
do ? 15. What can you tell about the feeling of the Americans and the treatment of 
Hull ? 16. What plan of invasion was arranged, and what was done ? 17. What 
can you tell about battles on Queenstown Heights ? 

1 ni-ag'-a-rah, ' rens'-e-lehr. 




A SLOOP-OF-WAR. 



THE UiXION OF STATES. 259 

The War on the Ocean. Success of American Priraleers. 

18. Very little more was done on land during the re- 
mainder of that year. On the ocean the little American 

navy was winning great honors by its 
victories. In August the American, 
frigate Essex, Captain Porter, captured 
the British sloop Alert, and the 
American, frigate Constitution , Cap- 
tain Hull, destroyed the British 
frigate Guerriere. 1 Two months after- 
ward the sloop-of-war Wasp, Captain 
Jones, captured the British brig Frolic, but in the after- 
noon of the same day (October 18), the JVasp was taken by 
another British vessel. 

19. A week later (October 25) the frigate United States, 
Captain Decatur, captured the British frigate Macedo- 
nian ; and on the 20th of December, the Constitution, 
Captain Bainbridge, captured the British frigate Java 2 
off the coast of Brazil. 

20. These victories made the Americans feel strong 
and joyful. Their privateers were rapidly increasing on the 
ocean ; and during the year 1812, they captured about three 
hundred merchant-ships, three thousand prisoners, and val- 
uable cargoes, from the British. Thus encouraged, the 
Americans prepared for the next campaign with great 
vigor. 

21. During the excitement of the war, Mr. Madison was 
again chosen President of the United States. A portion of 

Questions.— 18. What have you to tell about the war on land and sea? 19. What 
more can you tell about the war on the sea ? 20. What was the effect of victories ? 
What did American privateers do ? 21. What have you to say about Madison and the 
Federalists ? 

1 geh-ree-ehr'. 2 jah'-vah. 



260 THE UNION OF STATES. 

Preparations for the Campaign of /S/S. 

the Federalists opposed the war, but the better class of 
them patriotically supported the measures necessary to carry 
it on. 
22. In this section we have considered — 
(1) The inauguration of Mr. Madison ; (2) dealings 
with the British government ; (3) the conduct of Brit- 
ish vessels ; (4) troubles with the Indians and their de- 
feat ; (5) the declaration of war against Great Britain ; 
and (6) the conduct of the war on land and sea. 

SECTION V. 

THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 
[1813.] 

1. The campaign of 1813 opened early. The military 
forces were in three divisions. The Army of the West 
was under General W. H. Harrison ; the Army of the 
Centre was under General Henry Dearborn, and the 
Army of the North was under General Wade Hamp- 
ton. 

2. Harrison had his headquarters in Ohio ; Dearborn's 
were on the Niagara River, and Hampton's were in the 
neighborhood of Lake Champlain. Sir George Pre- 
vost, 1 who succeeded General Brock in command of Canada 
and the British army, had his headquarters at York 
or Toronto. 

3. The campaign was opened in the West at the begin- 

Qttestions.— 22. What have we considered id this section ? 

Questions.— 1. What have you to say about the army in 1813 ? 2. Where were the 
headquarters of the generals t 

1 pra-vost'. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



261 



Events on t/ie River jttaisin. Massacre by Indians. s4. yVar- Cry. 

ning of the year. There were hundreds of young men in 
that region, in the field, eager to drive the British from 
Michigan. 

4. In January, General Winchester, with a fine body of 
Kentuckians, was encamped at Frenchtown (now Mon- 
roe), on the River Raisin, from which they had driven a 
British force. The British General Proctor, who was 
at Maiden, marched against them. He crossed the Detroit 
River, with a force of white men and Indians, to attack 
Winchester. 

5. A hard battle was fought on the morning of the 22d 
of January, and the Americans, defeated, surrendered on 
the condition that they should be well-treated. Proctor 
marched away without leaving a guard to keep his promise. 
The Indians soon turned back, fired the houses, murdered 

many of the prisoners, and kept others alive 
for torture in the woods. 

6. General Harrison was at the Maumee 
Rapids when he heard of this massacre. He 
and his troops were very indignant. After 
that the war-cry of the Kentuckians was : 
44 Remember the River Raisin !" 

7. At the Rapids, Harrison built Fort 
Meigs, 1 a strong work, and remained there 

fort mkigs. with his troops until May, when he was at- 
tacked by General Proctor, with two thousand white men 
and Indians. The latter were led by Tecumtha. General 




Questions.— 3. Where was the campaign opened, and with what spirit? 4. What 
can you tell about troops on the River Raisin ? 5. What about a battle and of Tndian 
cruelties ? 6. What can you tell about Harrison and a war cry. 7. What did Harri- 
son do ? What occurred at Fort Meigs t 

1 mlgz 



262 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



Events at Fort Meigs, 



A Gallant defence of Fort Stephenson. 





.. i; ■ 


pi 

— 






OntLL 1 

tJELa 

rtanri pmiimiiuHu 


Urn 

Ji 


VsrrmmM 



Green Clay carae with troops to assist Harrison, and 
Proctor was soon driven to Canada. He fled on the 8th 
of May. 

8. General CZoj/ was left in command of FoH Meigs. 
Late in July the post was again besieged by Proctor and 
Tecinntha, with four thousand men. They were driven off, 
and then marched swiftly toward Fort Stephenson, at 
Lower Sandusky. 1 

9. Fort Stephenson was commanded by Major 
Croghan, 2 a brave young soldier, only 
twenty-one years of age, and having with 
him only one hundred and fifty men. When 
Proctor summoned him to surrender imme- 
diately, Croghan replied : " Never, while : 

I have a man left." 

10. A terrible conflict ensued on the 
2d of August. Finally the British and 
Indians, thoroughly beaten, fled from 
FoH Stephenson in great confusion. 
One shot from a cannon in a block-house 
of the fort swept a ditch filled with Brit- 
ish troops, and killed or wounded one 
hundred and fifty of them. Croghan lost 
only one man killed and seven wounded. 
11. Lakes Erie and Ontario now became theatres of 
important events. In the autumn of 1812 the Americans 
completed a small fleet on Lake Ontario. In the sum- 




MAJOR CROGHAN. 



Questions.— 8. What more can you tell about events at Fort Meigs? 9. What 
have you to say about Fort Stephenson ? 10. Tell about a battle there. 11. What 
can you tell about Lakes Erie and Ontario ? 



san-dusk' 



kro'-an. 



THE tINION OP STATJ&8. 



263 



Victory of Americans on Lake Erie. 



Ferry's Famous 7Jespatc/i. 




COMMODORE PERRY. 



mer of 1813 another had been constructed on Lake Erie, and 
placed under the command of Commodore O. H. Perry. 

12. The British also had a fleet 
on Lake Erie, under Commodore 
Barclay. The two fleets met near 
the western end of the lake on the 
10th of September, 1813. They 
fought a hard battle from morn- 
ing till evening ; and before the 
twilight every British vessel had 
surrendered to Perry. 

13. General Harrison was then 
near the western shores of Lake Erie with a small army. 
To him Penny wrote : " We have met the enemy and 
they are ours ! " A few days after- 
ward Harrison was joined by the brave 
veteran, Governor Shelby, with four 
thousand Kentuckians. 

14. These land troops were borne 
across the lake in some of Perry's ves- 
sels to attack Maiden. The Ameri- 
cans found the place deserted. Proctor, 
with his British troops, and Indians, 
under Tecumtha, were flying toward the interior of western 
Canada. A part of the American army took posses- 
sion of Detroit, and the remainder pursued the fugitives. 

15. The Americans, about three thousand in number, 
led by Harrison, overtook Proctor and his army on the 




GENERAL SHELBY. 



Questions.— 12. What can you tell about a British fleet and a battle on Lake Erie ? 
13. Where was General Harrison, and what was done ? 14. What was done with Har« 
rison's troops, and what did they do ? 15. What can you tell about a battle in Can- 
ada, and the leaders of the British and Indians ? 



264 THE UNION OF STATES. 

'Battle at the Thames, Events on the St. Z,awrence. 

little river Thames, and there, on the 5th of October, they 
fought a desperate battle. Tecumtha was killed, and 
Proctor, defeated, fled toward the head of Lake Ontario. 

16. All that Hull had lost was now recovered, and the 
war ceased in that region. Harrison left Detroit in charge 
of Colonel Cass and a few soldiers, dismissed many of the 
volunteers from Kentucky, and with the remainder of his 
force marched to Niagara, and there joined the Army of 
the Centre. 

17. General Dearborn was at Sackett's Harbor 
toward the close of April. Ogdensburgh had been attacked 
by the British in February, who destroyed much property 
there. Dearborn had not troops sufficient to send any in 
that direction, so he determined to attack York (now To- 
ronto 1 ), on the northern shore of Lake Ontario. 

18. Commodore Chauncey 2 was there in command of the 
little fleet on Lake Ontario. These vessels conveyed land 
troops under General Pike across the * Ijiiii 
lake. They attacked the British post 
at York and captured it. 

19. The British, commanded by 
General Sheaffe? fled from York 
(April 27, 1813), after blowing up the 
fort there. Some stones set flying by 1J Jf!j3|||^/"'''ft^ 
the explosion mortally wounded Gene- 
ral Pike. He died on Chauncey' 's 

flag-ship, with the captured British flag under his head. 

Questions.— 16. What was recovered ? What did Harrison do ? 17. What have 
you to say about doings at Ogdensburgh, and Dearborn's determination ? 18. What 
did Commodore Chauncey and his vessels do ? What have you to say about York 
or Toronto ? 19. What did the British do ? Tell about the death of Pike. 

1 to-ron'-to. 2 chan'-se. 




THE UNION OF STATES. 2G5 

Capture of Fort George. JEvetits at Sackett's Harbor. 

20. A month later (May 27, 1813) the same troops, borne 
by the same ships, attacked the British Fort George, at the 
mouth of the Niagara River. The garrison abandoned 
the fort and fled westward to Burlington Heights, at the 
western end of Lake Ontario, closely pursued by the con- 
quering Americans. 

21. While Chauncey and his ships were at the western 
end of Lake Ontario, Sir George Prevost proceeded to 
attack Saclcett's Harbor, on its eastern border, with a land 
and naval force. On the 27th of May he landed more than 
a thousand men. General Jacob Brown had hastily gath- 
ered the American militia, and these appeared so. formidable 
that Prevost fled with his ships and men. 

22. The Americans who had followed the flying British 
from Fort George, were now encamped at Stoney Creek, 
not far from the present city of Hamilton, where they were 
attacked in the dark, on the 6th of June. The assailants 
were repulsed, but Generals Chandler and Winder, 1 the 
American commanders, were made prisoners. 

23. Late in the autumn of 1813 an attempt was made to 
capture Montreal. General Wilkinson had taken com- 
mand, Dearborn being sick. Early in November he as- 
sembled about seven thousand soldiers at French Creek, on 
the St. Lawrence. After a brief skirmish there (November 
13), he proceeded with his army down the St. Lawrence in 
a flotilla of boats. 

24. A portion of the army under General Brown landed 

Questions.— 20. What can you tell about an attack on Fort George, and move- 
ment of the British troops ? 21. What can you tell about an attack on Sackett's 
Harbor ? 22. What can you tell about a battle at Stoney Creek ? 23. What can you 
tell about an expedition to capture Montreal ? 24. Tell about a battle at Chrysler's 
Field. 

1 wine'-der. 



266 THE UNION OF STATES. 



Sat tie at Chrysler's. Fires on tfte Niagara Frontier. 

on the Canada side of the St Lawrence, near Williams- 
burg, and at a place known as Chrysler's * Field, he 
fought a severe battle with the British on the 11th of No- 
vember. 

25. Neither party won a victory in the fight. Wilkin- 
son passed on, expecting to find General Hampton at St. 
Regis? with a co-operating force. Hampton failed to be 
there, and the expedition against Montreal was abandoned. 
The Americans encamped for the winter at French Mills, 
nine miles from the St. Lawrence. 

26. At about this time some exciting events occurred on 
the banks of the Niagara River. The Americans burned 
the Canadian village of Newark, near Fort George, on the 
10th of December. The British retaliated by burning 
several villages on the American side of the river and 
capturing Fort Niagara. 
At that time Buffalo was 
destroyed. Thus ended the 
campaign in the North. 

27. Meanwhile a fierce 
war had been kindled in Ala- 
bama? Tecumtha had been among the Creek Indians 
in the spring of 1813, to arouse them to hostilities against 
the Americans. They listened to him ; and late in August 
they captured Fort Mimms,^ on the Alabama River, and 
murdered almost three hundred men, women, and children 
who were in the fort. 

28. General Andrew Jackson, with twenty-five hundred 

Questions— 25. What did Wilkinson do ? What did his army do ? 26. What can 
yon tell about the destruction of villages on the Niagara River ? 27. Give an account 
of war in Alabama. 

1 krise'-ler's. * ree'-jis. s ah-lah-bah'-mah. * mims. 




FORT NIAGARA, 1813. 



The union of states. 2G7 



Jackson Subdue* the Creek Indians. War on the Ocean. 

Tennesseeans, immediately marched into the Creeh country. 
He won battle after battle against the Indians. Finally, 
toward the close of March, 1814, in a battle at the Great 
Horse-Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa 1 River, he slew 
six hundred Indian warriors, and so crashed forever 
the power of the Creeh nation. 

29. War on the ocean was carried on vigorously in 
1813. On the 24th of February, the sloop Hornet, com- 
manded by Captain Lawrence, captured the British ship 
Peacock, off the eastern coast of South America. On his 
return home Captain Lawrence was placed in command of 
the frigate Chesapeake. 

30. On the first of June the Chesapeake sailed out of 
the harbor of Boston to attack the 
British ship Shannon. A hard bat- 
tle was fought. Captain Lawrence 
was mortally wounded, and as he 
was conveyed below to die, he said : 
" Boys, don't give up the 

?i$!M. r Z^iSN$ B^ sn iP • " But they were compelled 
to surrender. 

31. On the 14th of August the 
British sloop Pelican captured the 
American brig Argus. On the 5th of September the 
American brig Enterprise captured the British brig 
Boxer; and five days afterward occurred the victory of 
Perry on Lake Erie. 

32. During the spring and summer of 1813 the British 

Questions.— 28. How was the Creek Nation subdued ? 29. Give an account of war 
on the ocean in 1813. 30 and 31. Give further accounts of war on the ocean. 

1 tahl-lah-poo'-sah. 




CAPTAIN LAWRENCE. 



268 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



Depredations by sidmiral CocAburn. 



Admiral Coclcburm plundered and destroyed towns and 
property on the coast of Chesapeake Bay and vicinity. In 




LAWRENCE CARRIED BELOW. 



March he destroyed American shipping on the Dela- 
ware. In May he plundered and burned Havre de Grace} 

Questions.— 32. What can you tell about the depredations of Admiral Cockburn 
on the shores of the Chesapeake ? 

1 hav'-er-deh-gras8 f . 



THE UNION OF STATES. 269 

The British in Hampton jRoarls. Cruise and Capture of the Essex. 

Frenchtown, Georgetown, and Frederickton, on the Ches- 
apeake Bay. 

33. In June Cockbum was in Hampton Roads with the 
intention of taking Norfolk. The Americans had fortified 
Craney 1 Island, in the Elizabeth River, and successfully 
disputed the passage of the British up that stream on the 
22d of June. The British, re- 
pulsed, plundered Hampton and 
then went southward, desolating the 
Carolina coasts to the Savannah 
River. 

34. The frigate Essex, Captain 
David Porter, made a long cruise 
in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 
in 1813, and was finally captured in 
the harbor of Valparaiso? on the 
28th of March, 1814, by the British 
frigate Phozbe and sloop-of-war Cherub. Porter wrote to 
the Secretary of the Navy : " We have been "unfortu- 
nate, but not disgraced.' ' 
35. In this section we have considered — 
(1) The disposition of the American army ; (2) mili- 
tary operations in northern Ohio ; (3) the victory on 
Lake Eric ; (4) pursuit of the British into Canada ; (5) 
operations on the borders of Lake Ontario and the St. Law- 
rence River ; (6) events on the Niagara River and in 
the Creek country ; (7) war on the Ocean, and (8) the 
marauding expeditions of Admiral Cockbum. 

Questions.— 33. Tell about Cockburn's career at and near Hampton, and on the 
Carolina coasts. 34. What can you tell about Captain Porter and the Essex ? 35. 
What have we considered in this section ? 

1 Jcra-ne. 2 vahl-pah-ri'-so. 




270 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



Napoleon's Troops. 



British Troops in Canada. 



SECTION VI. 

SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE CONTINUED. 

[1814, 1815.] 

1. Great Britain, at the beginning of the year 1814, 
was at war with the Emperor Napoleon, and could not 
spare many ships or soldiers for war in America. But in 
the spring Napoleon was driven out of France, and it was 
believed that war with him was at an end. 

2. With this belief, the British sent many veteran troops 
to Canada to fight the Americans. 
The American troops near the St. 
Lawrence River moved early. 
General Wilkinson led some of them 
to Plattsburg, on Lake Cham- 
plain, and was defeated by the 
British in an engagement at La 
Colle. General Brown marched with 
others to Sackett's Harbor. 

3. At the beginning of May a 
British fleet and three thousand troops attacked Os- 
wego, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. After a 
conflict that lasted two days, they were driven off on the 
7th of May, with considerable loss. 

4. About the same time General Brown led his troops 
to the Niagara frontier. On the morning of the 3d of 




GENERAL BROWN. 



Questions.— 1. What have you to say about Great Britain and Napoleon? 2. 
What did the British do ? What did American commanders do ? 3. What can you 
tell about events at Oswego? 4. What did General Brown do? What can you tell 
about an invasion of Canada and a battle there ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



271 



Sat/les at Chippewa and Jiridf/enater 



July, American troops under Generals Scott and Ripley 
crossed the river, and captured Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo. 
The next day the Americans and British had a very 
severe battle at Chippewa, Both armies suffered much. 

5. The British were badly beaten, and fled to Burling- 
ton Heights, where they were joined by troops under Gen- 
eral Drummond, and turned back. At the close of a hot 
day (July 25, 1814), they attacked the Americans under 
General Brown at Bridgewater, near Niagara Falls. 

6. This battle was a severe one, each party losing about 
eight hundred men. The Americans were victors ; 
and on the following day they fell back to Fort Erie. 

7. On the 15th of August Drummond, with five thou- 



sand men, attacked Fort Erie. He *» 



was repulsed, with a loss of almost 
a thousand men. He fled to Fori 
George. The Americans, in Sep- 
tember, drove the British from Fort 
Erie, destroyed that work, crossed the 
Niagara River, and went into winter 
quarters at Buffalo and in its neigh- 
borhood. They never invaded Can- 
ada again. 

8. The Americans at Plattsburg, late in the summer of 
1814, were commanded by General Macomb. 1 There was a 
small American navy on Lake Cham-plain at the same 
time, commanded by Commodore Macdonough. 2 The 
British, also, had a small fleet at the lower end of the lake. 

Questions.— 5. What have you to say about British troops and their movements ? 
6. What can you tell about the battle at Bridgewater ? 7. Give an acount of an attack 
on the Americans in Fort Erie. What did the British and Americans do ? 8. What 
have you to say about the Americans and British near Plattsburg ? 

1 mah-koom'. 3 mak-don'-oh. 




NIAGABA FRONTIER. 



272 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



fiattle at -plailsburg. 



Invasion of Maryland. 



9. In August, General Prevost, with fourteen thousand 
men, marched from Canada, to drive the Americans from 
Plattsburg. At the same time the British fleet sailed up 
Lake Champlain. A hard-fought battle ensued on the 
11th of September, 1814, when the Americans beat the 
British army and navy. Prevost fled in haste to 
Canada. 

10. The victories at Plattsburg created great joy 
throughout the country. At the 
same time the Americans had to 
lament severe losses further south. 

11 . About the middle of August, 
the British General Boss landed on 
the shores of Maryland with six 
thousand troops. They were borne 
by a large fleet. Boss marched 
toward Washington City, our na- 
tional capital. 

12. General Winder summoned the militia of that region 
to the field, to repel the invasion. They met Boss at Bla- 
densburg, four or five miles from Washington City, where 
a battle was fought, and the Americans were beaten. 

13. On the 24th of August, the British entered Wash- 
ington City, burned the Capitol and the Presi- 
dent's house, and came near making President Madi- 
son a prisoner. Then they went back to their ships. 

14. Early in September General Boss, with his conquer- 




COMMODORE MACDONOUGH. 



Questions.— 9. Give an account of the invasion of New York State by the British 
in September, 1814. 10. What have you to say about the victory at Plattsburg ? 11. 
Give an account of a British invasion of Maryland. 12. What did General Winder 
do ? What can you tell about a battle ? 13. What did the British do at Washington 
City ? 14. What can you tell about an attempt to capture Baltimore ? What did 
Americans do ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 273 

JVorth Point and Fort McHenry. Events at Stoning ton, 

ing army, landed a few miles from Baltimore, to co-operate 
with Admiral Cochrane 1 in an attempt to capture Balti- 
more city. Troops under General Strieker went out to 
meet Boss ; and Fort McHenry, in the harbor of Balti- 
more, commanded by Colonel Armistead? was bravely 
defended. 

15. While marching on Baltimore, Boss was killed in a 
skirmish. A conflict, known as the Battle of North. 
Point, ensued on the 12th of September. At the same 
time the British fleet bombarded Fort McHenry. 
The British army and navy were both repulsed, and soon 
left the neighborhood to repose. 

16. During the summer of 1814, a British blockading 
squadron annoyed the people on the New England coasts. 
From the 9th to the 12th of August, 1814, British ships 
bombarded Stonington, but were finally driven away. 
After the repulse at Stonington and Baltimore, the war 
almost ceased in the north. 

17. The Spaniards now possessed Florida? and favored 
the British. The latter were allowed to fit out ships at 
Pensacola 4 with which to fight the Americans ; and the 
Spaniards encouraged the remnant of the Creek Nation 
to join the British. 

18. The fleet from Pensacola attacked the American 
Fort Bowyer, 5 at the entrance to Mobile Bay, on the 11th 
of September, 1814. The British and their Indian allies 
were finally driven away, with considerable loss. 

Questions.— 15. What have you to say about General Ross, and a battle and a 
bombardment? 16. Tell about a British blockading squadron off New England, and 
events at Stonington. 17. What can you tell about events at Pensacola? 18. Tell 
about an attack on Fort Bowyer. 

1 kok'-ran. * ar' -mis-ted. 3 Jlor'-i-dah. * pen-sah-ko'-lah. 5 bo'-yer. 



274 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



fensacola Captured by the Americans. 



19. General Jackson, then at Mobile with troops, held 
the Spanish governor responsible for aiding the British. 




He marched upon Pensacola with two thousand Tennes- 
seeans, drove the British to their shipping on the 7th of 
November, and captured the town. 

20. When Jackson returned to Mobile, he met an ur- 



Qttestions.— 19. What did General Jackson do ? 20. What did he find at Mohile, 
and what did he do ? What did British troops on the Gulf threaten and do ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



275 



"British Invasion of Louisiana. 



"Battle near JVew Orleans. 



gent call for help from the citizens of New Orleans. A 
large British land force were in vessels on the Gulf of 
Mexico, for the purpose of invading Louisiana. 1 Jackson 
hastened to New Orleans, and soon afterward General 
Pakenham? with twelve thousand British soldiers, was 
landed below that city, after capturing an American flotilla 
of gun-boats in Lake Borgne? That was in December, 1814. 

21. After some skirmishing, and casting up entrench- 
ments by Jackson, the two armies met in battle array a few 
miles below New Orleans, on the 8th of January, 1815. A 
very severe battle was fought there on that day, in 
which the British lost their general and about seventeen 
hundred men killed and wounded. The Americans, protected 
by breastworks, lost only eight killed and thirteen wounded. 

22. The Battle of New Orleans was the last one 
of the war, on land. 
The war continued 
a little longer on the 
ocean. During the 
year 1814, it had 
been prosecuted vig- 
orously on the sea. 

23. On the 29th 
of April, 1814, the 
Peacock captured 

the Epervier 1 off the coast of Florida. During the year, 
the American sloop Wasp, Captain Blakely, captured no 
less than thirteen British vessels. After capturing 




Cavalry" *= P "£.V\g^.;a£g^*5S£raB 

_*m_ 2 Am. Reserve ._V> v "d b r e "c=f- 

^J&lceoTteH.Zrs. srf^SL^ll £ 



« r*,S W A M R ;%, 



>3. <J&<*.: 
British^ Column ^S?ei!_— «!=. 



BATTLE OP NEW ORLEANS. 



Questions— 21. Give an account of the Battle of New Orleans. 22. Which was the 
last land battle of the war ? 23. Give an account of naval actions. 



loo'-e-ze-ah'-na. 2 pak'-'n-am. 3 born. * ep-ehr'-ve-are. 



276 THE UNION OF STATES. 

War on the Ocean. Treaty of "Peace. War with citffiers. 

her thirteenth prize — the Avon — on the first of September, 
she was never heard of. 

24. On the 15th of January, 1815, the President, undei 
command of Commodore Decatur, was captured by a 
British squadron off the coast of Long Island. On the 
20th of February following, the Constitution, Commodore 
Stewart, captured the British frigate Cyane, 1 and sloop 
Levant? On the 23d of March, the Hornet captured the 
Penguin? The naval operations were closed then, 
excepting by privateers. 

25. Before the Battle of New Orleans, a treaty of 
peace had been concluded between the United States and 
Great Britain. It was signed at Ghent, 4 ' in Belgium, 
on the 24th of December, 1814. When the treaty reached 
America, the President proclaimed peace, and the nation 
rejoiced. 

26. The contest with Great Britain had just ended, 
when the Americans were compelled to engage in a short 

WAR WITH ALGIERS. 5 

27. Algerine sea-robbers continued their depredations on 
American commerce in the Mediterranean Sea. The 
ruler of Ti*ipoli, as we have seen, had been humbled. The 
ruler of Algiers, believing that the American navy had 
been destroyed by that of Great Britain, was now more 
exacting and insolent than ever. 

28. President Madison declared war against Algiers; 
and sent Commodore Decatur, with a naval force, in May 

Questions.— 24. Give a further account of naval actions. 25. What have you to 
gay about a treaty of peace ? 26 and 27. What have you to say about. Algiers, Tunis 
and Tripoli '< 28. What did President Madison do ? What did Decatur do ? 

1 8i-ari. 2 le-vant'. 3 pen'-gwin. * gant. 5 ahl-jeers'. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 277 



Sarbaty Powers Humbled. JV°en> Stales Admitted into the Uni 



1815, to humble the Algeri?ies> Our naval forces captured 
some of their pirates, and then appeared before their city. 

29. The haughty governor was astonished. Decatur 
demanded the release of all American prisoners and pay- 
ment for property which the Algerine pirates had seized or 
destroyed. " Do this," said the brave Commodore, " or I 

, will destroy your ships and your city." 

30. The affrighted governor complied with Decatur's 
demand. Then the Commodore visited the cities of Tunis 
and Ti*ipoli, and made their governors do the same thing. 
So, in a very short space of time, Decatur did what the 
Christian powers of Europe had not been able to do. The 
Barbary 2 Powers, as the piratical communities were 
called, were completely humbled. 

31. And now the eventful administration of President 
Madison was drawing to a close. Louisiana had been 
admitted into the Union of States in 1812. Indiana 3 en- 
tered in 1816, and the same year James Monroe of Vir- 
ginia was elected President of the United States. 

32. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The movements of British forces against the 
Americans ; (2) movements of American troops on the 
Canada frontier; (3) victories at Plattsburg ; (4) 
capture of Washington City and repulse of the British at 
Baltimore; (5) blockade of New England ; (6) career 
of General Jackson in the South ; (7) peace; and (8) 
war with Algiers. 

QUESTIONS.-29. What did Decatur demand of the Algerines? 30. What did the 
Algerine governor do ? What did the governors of Tunis and Tripoli do ? What did 
Decatur accomplish ? 31. What have you to say about the close of Madison's admin- 
istration, and the admission of States? Who was elected President? 32. What 
have we considered in this section ? 

1 ahl-je-rems' . 2 bahr'-ba-ry. * in-de-an'na. 



278 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



Principal Zand and JVavat Sattles of the War of /8?2. 



The following is a list of the principal land and naval bat- 
tles fought during the second war for independence : 



LAND BATTLES. 



1812. 



Van Home's Aug. 5 

Detroit Aug. 15 

Queenstown Oct. 13 

1813. 

Frenchtown Jan. 22 

York, or Toronto April 27 

FortMeigs May 5 

Stoney Creek June 6 

Craney Island June 22 

Sackett's Harbor May 29 

Fort Stephenson . . Aug. 2 

Thames Oct. 5 

Creek War November. 

Chrysler's Field Nov. 11 

1814. 

Oswego May 6 

Chippewa July 5 

Niagara, or Bridgev/ater July 25 

Stonington Aug. 10 

Fort Erie Aug. 15 

Bladensburg Aug. 24 

Plattsburg Sept. 11 

North Point Sept. 12 

Fort McHenry Sept. 13 

Fort Bowyer Sept. 15 

Fort Erie (sortie) Sept. 17 

Below New Orleans Dec. 23 

1815. 
New Orleans Jan. 8 



NAVAL BATTLES. 



1812. 



Essex,* | . 

\ Aug. 13 



Alert, 

Constitution 
Guerriere, 
Wasp, \ 

Frolic, J 

United States, 
Macedonian, 
Constitution, j 
Java, I 



\ Aug. 19 

. Oct. 18 

Oct.S5 

Dec. 29 

1813. 

?e°ru ™-« 

£££N Jmel 

£Sj **« 

"m s ^- 5 

Lake Erie Sept. 10 

1814. 

March 28 



April 29 
June 28 



Phcebe, J 
Peacock, | 

Epervier, f "" 

Wasp, ) 
Reindeer, J ' ' 

7 as P'j- Sept.1 

Avon, ) 

Lake Champlain Sept. 11 

Lake Borgne Dec. 14 

1815. 

President, I Jfln lg 

British Squadron, ' 
Constitution, I 

Cyane and Levant, > ' ' 

J oraet ' (■ March23 

Penguin, » 

* The American vessels are first named, 
each time. 



Feb. 20 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



279 



President Monroe. 



American Manufactories. 



SECTION VII. 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1817-1825.] 

James Monroe, the fifth President of the United 
States, took the oath of office 
on the 4th of March, 1817. 
With his able cabinet he worked 
zealously to extricate the country 
from the confusion caused by the 
war. 

2. During the war the Amer- 
icans had manufactured many 
things which they had before 
bought in France and England. 
They had established man- 
ufactories here at considerable 
expense, and thousands of per- 
sons were employed in them. 

3. When the war was closed, 
foreign goods came in abund- 
ance. Manufacturing in Amer- 
ica was made an unprofitable 
business, and a multitude of 
people were idle. Many of these 
went to the fertile regions west 

of the Alleghany Mountains, and became founders of 
States. 

Questions. — 1. What have you to say ahout President Monroe and his cahinet? 
2. What can you tell about American manufactories ? 3. What was the state ol 
business after the war, and what caused emigration to the West? 




MONROE, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



280 THE UNION OF STATES. 

J\/~en> States Admitted. Troubles in Florida. 

4. During the administration of President Monroe, the 
Territories of Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, 1 and Mis- 
souri 2 were admitted into the Union as States. Settlements 
increased very rapidly all over the West. Great pros- 
perity in the future was hoped for, when difficulties ap- 
peared in the South. 

5. Mischievous British subjects in Florida were exciting 
the Indians to make war on the Americans. Toward the 
close of 1817 a large number of Creek and Seminole In- 
dians and fugitive slaves began to plunder and murder 
the American settlers on the borders of Georgia and Ala- 
bama. 

6. Troops were sent to protect the settlers. The Indians 
became more and more hostile, when General Jackson, with 
a thousand Tennessee volunteers, went to assist the regular 
troops. The General hung two of the men who had excited 
the Indians to plunder and murder. Then he marched to' 
Pensacola and captured it, and sent offending Span- 
iards and others to Cuba? 

7. For these acts Jackson was at first censured, and then 
he was commended. By a treaty with Spain, Florida 
came into the possession of the United States soon after- 
wards, and Jackson was appointed its first governor. That 
was in February, 1821. 

8. At that time the question of admitting Missouri into 
the Union as a State was settled. It had caused violent dis- 

Questions— 4. What Territories were admitted as States ? What made the future 
appear promising ? 5. What can you tell about the work of British subjects in the 
South ? 6. What can you tell about hostile Indians there ? What did General Jack- 
son do ? 7. What was done with Florida ? 8. What have you to say about the dis- 
cussion of the slavery question? 

1 ah-lah-bah'-mah. a mu-soo'-ri. s ku'-bah. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 281 



Missouri Compromise. Monroe's Administrate 



cussions in Congress and out of it. The main point in dis- 
pute was the question, Shall it be a free or slave -labor 
State ? For two years the discussion continued. 

9. It was finally agreed to allow slaves to be held in 
Missouri. It was also agreed that a line should be drawn 

.from the southern boundary of Missouri to the Pacific 
Ocean, north of which slavery should never exist. 
This agreement is known as the Missouri Compromise. 
It was effected in 1820. 

10. In the autumn of 1820 the President (Mr. Monroe) 
and Vice-President {Daniel D. Tompkins) were re-elected. 
There was very little opposition to them, for the old Fed- 
eral party had almost disappeared as an organization. 

11. Monroe's administration was popular. A law was 
passed giving a pension to soldiers of the Revolution yet 
living. An agreement with Great Britain in relation to 
coast fisheries, favorable to Americans, was made ; and 
our government recognized the independence of South 
American republics. 

12. On that occasion the President proclaimed, as a prin- 
ciple, that the American continents " are henceforth not to 
be considered as subject for future colonization by 
any European Power." This is known as "The Monroe 
Doctrine." 

13. The sea-robbers were not all in the Mediterra- 
nean. They greatly annoyed American merchantmen 
among the West India Islands. In 1819 Commodore Perry 
was sent to disperse them ; he died there soon after. In 

(Questions — 9. Tell about the Missouri Compromise. 10. Who were re-elected 
President and Vice-President? 11. What popular measures were adopted during 
Monroe's administration ? 12. What can you tell about the Monroe Doctrine ? 13. 
What can you tell about sea-robbers in the West Indies ? 



282 THE UNION OF STATES. 

Destruction of Piratical Vessels. Tisit of Lafayette. 

1823 Commodore PoHer completed their destruc- 
tion. The previous year a small American 'squadron had 
destroyed more than twenty piratical vessels on the coast of 
Cuba. 

14. The last year of Monroe's administration was 
marked by the visit of Lafayette l to this country as the 
Nation's guest. He went back from our shores in the 
frigate Brandy wine, so named in his honor, he having 
fought his first battle for us on the banks of the Brandy - 
wine Creek. 

15. A new President of the Republic was chosen in the 
autumn of 1824. John Quincy Adams, son of the second 
President, was chosen ; with John C. Calhoun? of South 
Carolina, as Vice-President. 

16. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The condition of the country after the war ; (2) 
the settlement and organization of Territories ; (3) 
British emissaries among the Southern Indians, and the 
result of their work ; (4) Jackson and Florida ; (5) Mis- 
souri Compromise ; (6) pensions, fisheries, and the 
Monroe Doctrine ; (7) pirates, and (8) the visit of La- 
fayette. 

Questions.— 14. Tell about the visit of Lafayette. 15. What have you to say 
about an election for President ? 16. What have we considered in this section ? 

1 lah-fa-et'. 3 kal-hoon'. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



283 



Inn tig ura lion of President Adams. 2'he Indians and State Supremacy. 



SECTION VIII. 

J. Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1825-1829.] 

1. John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the 

United States, entered upon the 
duties of his office on the 4th 
of March, 1825. Our country 
was at peace with all the 
world, and everything seemed 
prosperous. His administration 
is remarkable for its lack of very 
stirring incidents. 

2. The subject of the removal 
of the Creeh and Cherokee In- 
dians from Georgia ruffled the 
general serenity for a while. 
The assumption of State suprem- 
acy, put forth at that time, pro- 
duced some uneasy feeling. 

3. In 1825 a great work of 
internal improvement was com- 
pleted. It was the canal which 
connects the waters of Lake 
Erie and the Hudson Riv- 
er. Governor Be Witt Clin- 
ton acquired great honor by his zealous promotion of the work. 




ADAMS, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



Questions.— 1. What have you to say ahout President J. Q. Adams, and the state 
of the country ? 2. Tell about trouble in Georgia. 3. What have you to tell about 
the Erie Canal ? 



284 



TEE UNION OF STATES. 



Death of zidams and Jefferson. 



The American System. 




DEWITT CLINTON. 



4. On the 4th of July, 1826, Thomas Jefferson and 
John Adams died. They were both 
on the Committee that drew up the 
Declaration of Independence and 
signed it, just fifty years before ; 
both had been foreign ambassadors 
and both had been President of the 
Republic. The coincidence was re- 
markable. 

5. In order to assist American 
manufacturers a protective system 
was adopted in 1828. It imposed a 
duty on foreign manufactures so high as to enable the 
Americans to make and sell their 
productions as low as those which 
came over the sea. This was 
called The American Sys- 
tem. 

6. This policy was popular with 
the manufacturers, but the cotton- 
growers of the Southern States, 
who found a ready market for raw 
cotton in England, opposed this 
Protective Tariff. Among 
the most eminent of the political leaders in this opposition 
was John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 

7. The serene administration of President Adams now 
drew toward its close. The nation was prosperous. The 




JOHN C. CALHOUN. 



Questions.- 4. What remarkable coincidence occurred in 1826? 5. What have you 
to say about a Protective Tariff or American System '( 6. Tell about opposition 
to the system. 7. What have you to say about the nation at this time ? 



THE UNT6N OF STATES. 285 

Andrew Jackson Elected President. The Character of Jackson. 

government was very little in debt, and was at peace 
with all the world. It was the calm before a storm. 

8. In the autumn of 1828, a bitter political contest was 
oarried on. Adams was a candidate for a second term. He 
was defeated by Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, who was 
elected President, with John C. Calhoun as Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

9, In this section we have considered — 

(1) The state of the country when Adams became 
President ; (2) the case of the Indians in Georgia ; (3) 
the Erie Canal ; (4) deaths of Adams and Jefferson ; 
(5) the American System and its opposers ; (6) the elec- 
tion of Andrew Jackson to the Presidency. 



SECTION IX. 

JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

[1829-1837.] 

1. Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the 
United States, was the last but one of the chief magistrates 
of the Republic, who had lived during the Revolution. He 
became President on the 4th of March, 1829. 

2. Andrew Jackson was an honest man, with a strong 
will, and was always ready to do what he believed to be 
right, without regard to the opinions of others. His admin- 
istration was a quiet one at first, and then it encountered 
serious troubles. 



Questions.— 8. What can you tell about a political contest? 9. What have we 
considered in this section ? 

Questions.— 1. Who was the seventh President of the United States ? What have 
you to say about the character of Jackson ? 



286 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



The Supreme Court l>ejied. 



3. A speck of rebellion appeared in Georgia in 1832. 
The governor of that State claimed the right to possess the 
lands of the Cherokee Indians. The President favored the 
claim. The Supreme Court of the United States — the ex- 
pounder of the law — decided 
against the claim. 

4. The authorities of Georgia 
defied the Supreme Court, 
and great trouble was expected. 
There was an amicable settle- 
ment, and a few years afterward 
the Cherohees were removed 
from their lands in that State. 

5. The Bank of the United 
States, chartered during the 
presidency of Washington, and 
re-chartered during the pres- 
idency of Madison, asked for a 
new charter, to go into effect in 
1836. The President opposed 
the measure, because he believed 
it to be an institution that might 
be made injurious to the govern- 
ment. 

6. The government money 
was deposited in the United 

States Bank. In 1832, Congress passed a bill for a renewal 
of the Bank Charter. Jackson vetoed the bill. He rec- 




JACKSON AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



Questions.— 3. What, appeared in Georgia? Tell about it. 4. What did the 
authorities of Georgia do ? 5. What have you to say about the Bank of the United 
States ? 6. What can you tell about the government money, and what did Congress 
and the President do ? 




THE UNION OF STATES. 287 

Itisposition of the Public Money. H/acJb Hawk War. 

ommended the -withdrawal of the public funds 

(110,000,000) from the bank. Congress refused to sanction 
that measure, and the President took the responsibility of 
doing so, in the autumn of 1833. 

7. This act produced great business embarrassments for 
awhile, but it was beneficial to the country finally. 

8. In the summer of 1832, Black Hawk, a bold chief of 
the Sac x tribe of Indians, made war upon 
the white people on the borders of the Mis- 
sissippi River, in Illinois. He and his 
followers were soon subdued by United States 
troops, and the chief was made a prisoner. 

9. More serious trouble now appeared in 
South Carolina. We have observed that BLACK HAWK - 
there was strong opposition in the cotton-producing States 
to a Protective Tariff. The political leaders in South 
Carolina declared that the duty, or impost tax, should not 
be paid on foreign goods entering the port of Charleston. 

10. This defiance of law was promptly met by President 
Jackson. He told the people of South Carolina that if 
they did not pay the tax voluntarily, he would send troops 
to compel them to do so. 

11. For a time the defiant movements of these nullifiers 
of law threatened civil war. Finally, in 1833, through the 
influence of Henry Clay of Kentucky, a plan for a set- 
tlement of the difficulty was adopted, and the cloud 
passed away in the spring of 1833. 

12. In the autumn of 1832, Jackson was again chosen 

Questions.— 7. What was the effect of removing the public money from the Bank? 
8. What can you tell about a war with Indians in the West ? 9. What can you tell 
about, trouble in South Carolina ? 10. What did the President do ? 11. What fur- 
ther have you to say about difficulties in South Carolina ? 

1 sawk. 



288 



THE UNION OF STATES. 




HENRY CLAY. 



'Prosperity Succeeded by Adversity. War with the Southern Indians. 

President of the United States, and continued to conduct pub- 
lic affairs with vigor. His removal of 
the government deposits from 
the United States Bank produced 
intense excitement throughout the 
country ; and great prosperity was 
followed by great adversity in busi- 
ness. 

13. This excitement was disappear- 
ing, when another event caused much 
trouble. The President attempted, by 
force, to remove the Southern Indians to a country 
beyond the Mississippi. He sent troops into Florida and 
Georgia for that purpose in the autumn of 1835, and the 
Seminole Indians flew to arms. 

14. Led by Osceola, 1 a brave and sagacious chief, the 
Seminoles made fierce war upon 
the white people, which continued 
several years. Many United 
States troops were sent against 
them from time to time, under 
Generals TJwmpson, Clinch, 
Gaines, Scott, Jessup, and Col- 
onel Taylor, but could not sub- 
due them in their dark swamps. 

15. In the spring of 1836, the " 0SCE0LA - 
Creeks joined the Seminoles, and made the war still more 




Questions.— 12. What can you tell about an election and a popular excitement? 
13. What can you tell about the President and the Southern. Indians ? 14. Give an 
account of war with the Seminole Indians. 15. What did the Creeks do, and what 
occurred ? 

1 osse-o'-la. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



289 



War with the Creeks and Semi?wles. 



2'he Indians Subdued. 



Ft. Micanopt 

UBlock House 




SEAT OP SEMINOLE WAR. 



distressing. Thousands of white inhabitants, in Western 
Georgia and Eastern Alabama, 
fled from their homes in terror. 
Mail coaches, steamboats and vil- 
lages were attacked. 

16. At length General Win- 
field Scott took command of the 
troops in that region. The Creehs 
were soon subdued and sent be- 
yond the Mississippi. That was 
in 1836. But the Seminoles 
still held out, and kept up the war through the ensuing 
winter. The little map shows the position of the forts and 
places of battles in Florida, that are mentioned in larger 
histories. 

17. In the spring of 1837, President Jackson's adminis- 
tration closed. The government of the United States 
never before held a more exalted position in the opinion 
of the world. The President had always acted upon the 
principle — Ask nothing but what is right, and 
submit to nothing that is wrong. During that 
administration Arkansas and Michigan were admitted 
into the Union as States. 

18. In the autumn of 1836, MartinVan Bur en of New 
York was elected President of the United States, and 
Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky was chosen Vice- 
President. 

19. In this section we have considered — 

(1) President Jackson and his character ; (2) troubles 



Questions— 16. What can you tell about General Scott and the Seminoles ? 17. 
What have you to say about Jackson's administration and the admission of States? 
18. What about an election ? 19. What have we considered in this section ? 



290 THE UNION OF STATES. 

President }'an jBuren. Speculatio7is and Ext7'ctvagance. 

in Georgia ; (3) Bank of the United States ; (4 Black 
Hawk War; (5) de-fiance of law in South Carolina; (6) 
war with the Southern Indians ; and (7) the country at 
the close of Jackson's administration. 



SECTION X. 

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
[1837-1841.] 

1. Martin Van Buren became the eighth President of 
the United States on the 4th of March, 1837. He was then 
about fifty-five years of age. 

2. The business of the country was in great confusion at 
that time. The money of the government had been de- 
posited in State Banks. These banks had lent it freely to the 
people. Speculations and extravagance in living followed. 

3. All over the country the people seemed almost wild in 
their anxiety to build villages and fine houses with 
their borrowed money. Finally, when there was no more 
to be borrowed, and the government wanted its money from 
the banks, the banks called upon the borrowers to pay. 
They were unable to do so, and great trouble in busi- 
ness followed. 

4. So great was the trouble that the new President called 
a meeting of Congress in September, 1837, to consider 
the financial condition of the country. Aid was not ex- 
tended to the people in business, but Congress took the 
money from the State Banks and placed it in the 
hands of agents appointed by the government. 

Questions.— 1. What have yon to say about President Van Buren? 2. What can 
yon tell about the government money, the State Banks, and the way of living ? 3. 
What did the people do, and what happened ? 4. What did the President do ? What 
did Congress do ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



201 



Independent Treasury System. 



End of the Seminole War 



5. This prevented the banks from lending money so freely 

and checked speculation and ex- 
travagance. So far the measure 
was good in its effects. The 
government agents kept the 
money at the principal seaports 
and marts of business. The plan 
was called The Independent 
Treasury System. 

6. Meanwhile the war with 
the Seminoles was continued. 
Nor did it cease during the ad- 
ministration of President Van 
Bur en. By a treacherous act 
Osceola was seized and impris- 
oned in a fort in Charleston 
harbor, where he died of a 
fever. 

7. On Christmas day, 1837, 
Colonel Zachary Taylor, who 
was afterward President of the 
United States, gained a vic- 
tory over the Seminoles on the borders of Macaco * 
Lake, but for more than two years longer he continued to 
fight them. The war was finally ended in 1842, having 
continued seven years. 

8. The peaceful relations between the United States and 




VAN BUREN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



Questions.— 5. What were the effects of the action of Congress? What did gov- 
ernment agents do ? 6. What have you to tell about the war with the Seminoles ? 
7. What have you to say about Colonel Taylor and the Seminole War ? 8. What have 
you to tell about the relations between the United States and Great Britain ? 



mak-ka'-ko. 



292 THE UNION OF STATES. 

Insurrection in Canada. Disputes about 'Boundaries. 

Great Britain were a little disturbed by revolutionary 
movements in Canada, begun in 1837. Many sympathizing 
Americans crossed into Canada to help the insurgents, in 
spite of the efforts of our government to prevent them. 

9. These movements continued three or four years, until 
the insurrection was suppressed by the British government. 
At the same time a dispute arose respecting the eastern 
boundary line .between the United States and the British 
provinces. 

10. Much unpleasant feeling was produced by the aid 
given to the Canadians by Americans ; and the dispute 
respecting the boundary, at one time, threatened to 
end in war. General Scott was sent by our government 
to New Brunswick to make peace, and the matter was 
settled in a friendly manner in 1842. 

11. In the autumn of 1840 General William Henry 
Harrison, of" Ohio, was elected President of the United 
States, with John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. 
At that time the two political parties were called, respec- 
tively, Whigs and Democrats. The Whigs were friends 
of Harrison ; the Democrats were friends of Jackson and 
Van Buren. 

12. We have considered in this section — 

(1) The confusion of business in the country, and the 
causes of it ; (2) the Independent Treasury Sy stein ; (3) 
the continuance of the war with the Seminoles ; (4) un- 
pleasant relations between the United States and Great 
Britain, and (5) the names of parties and the newly chosen 
President. 

Questions.— 9. What did Americans do? What trouble appeared on the eastern 
boundary of the United States ? 10. What have you to say about unpleasant feel- 
ings ? 11. What can you tell about an election of a new President, and names of 
parties ? 12. What have we considered in this section ? 



THE UN [ON OF STATES. 



293 



President Harrison's Inauguration and Death. President Tyler. 



SECTION XL 

HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 
[1841-1845.] 



1. William Henry Harrison, the ninth President of 
the United States, was inaugu- 
rated on the 4th of March, 1841. 
He was then past sixty-eight 
years of age. He was the last 
of the Presidents who had wit- 
nessed scenes in the old war for 
independence. 

2. Precisely one month after 
he took the chair of State, 
President Harrison died. 
I £§f^ ^ jfiOi&|*r^fe 11 ^ n accor dance with the provisions 
Kilyfc^l of the National Constitution, the 
Vice-President, John Tyler, then 
became President. 

3. Mr. Tyler became the tenth 
President by taking the oath of 
office on the 6th of April, 1841. 
He was then fifty-one years of 
age. 

4. President Harrison had, 
on the last day of March, called 

an extraordinary meeting of Congress, mainly for the purpose 




HARRISON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



Questions.— 1. What have you to say about General Harrison? 2. Tell about the 
death of the President, and who was his successor, and how. 3. What have you to 
say about Mr. Tyler ? 4. What can you tell about an extraordinary meeting of Con- 
gress, and the result ? 



294 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



Veto of the U. 8. Sank Sill. 



Dissolution of the Cabinet. 



of considering the question of chartering a new United 

States Bank, with a hope of 
relieving the country from em- 
barrassment. They met and 
passed a law for this purpose, 
but President Tyler refused to 
sign it. 

5. This action offended the 
political friends of the President, 
and his cabinet or advisers all 
left him, excepting Daniel 
Webster, who was Secretary of 
State. As he was engaged in 
negotiating a treaty with Great 
Britain, he thought it best for 
the country that he should re- 
main in his place. 

6. Changes were made in the 
tariff laws, during Mr. Tyler's 
administration, which secured 
reconciliation for a time. Dis- 
putes arose in Rhode Island 

concerning a change of the old charter given by Charles 
the Second, for a new constitution. 

7. Two parties were formed, one for and the other against 
a new charter. At one time each party appeared in arms, 
and a civil war seemed imminent. The President sent troops 
there to restore order. A new constitution was adopted 
in 1842. 

Questions.— 5. What have you to say about President Tyler's cabinet? 6. What 
have you to say about tai iff laws and disputes in Rhode Island ? 7. Give an account 
of the affair in Rhode Island. 




TYLER, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



295 



Annexation of Texas. 



Polk Elected President. 




DANIEL WEBSTER. 



8. In 1844 the country was much agitated by a proposi- 
tion for the annexation of the 
Republic of Texas to the United 
States. That State had been 
separated from Mexico by rev- 
olution. It had been effected 
chiefly by settlers from the 
United States. 

9. The people of Texas de- J| 
sired to become a part of our v f/ 
Republic. Arrangements were 
finally made for the annexation. 

It was advocated by the slaveholders of the South, and 
opposed by those who were opposed 
to the system of slave-labor. 
£Bk w " 10. The question of annexation 

was a prominent one at the election 
in the autumn of 1844. James K. 
Tolh, of Tennessee, who was in 
favor of annexation, was chosen 
President, with George M. Dallas, 
of Pennsylvania, as Vice-President. 
professor morse. 1 1 . At about the same time Pro- 

fessor Samuel F. B. Morse had perfected his invention of 
the Electro-magnetic telegraph, and had put up mes- 
sage-wires between Baltimore and Washington. The 
first public message sent over those wires was the 




Questions.— 8. What agitated the country in 1844 ? What have you to say ahout 
Texas ? 9. What did the people of Texas desire ? Who advocated annexation, and 
who opposed it ? 10. What effect did the question of annexation have on the elec- 
tion ? Who were elected ? 11. What have you to say ahout the electro-magnetic 
telegraph, and the nomination of Mr. Polk? 



296 THE UNION OF STATES. 

' Admission of Texas into the Union. Mexico Offended. 

announcement of the nomination of Mr. Polk for Presi- 
dent. 

12. In this section we have considered — 
(1) The inauguration and death of President Har- 
rison ; (2) the accession of Mr. Tyler to the Presidency ; 
(3) the action of Congress and the President concerning a 
new bank charter ; (4) changes in the cabinet ; (5) 
difficulties in Rhode Island; (6) annexation of Tex- 
as ; and (7) the election of Polk and invention of the 
magnetic telegraph. 

SECTION XII. 

POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
[1845-1849.] 

1 . James Knox Polk was fifty years of age when he 
became the eleventh President of the United States, on the 
4th of March, 1845. He was a Democrat in politics, and was 
supported by a powerful party. 

2. Three days before the expiration of his term of office, 
President Tyler had signed the bill providing for the 
admission of Texas into the Union. This subject re- 
quired the immediate attention of the new President. 

3. The government of Mexico had never acknowledged 
the inde'pendence of Texas, and claimed that country as a 
part of Mexican territory. The annexation of Texas was 
offensive to that government, and led to great difficulties. 

Questions.— 12. What have we considered in this section ? 

Questions. — 1. What have you to say about President Polk? 2. What did Presi- 
dent Tyler do ? What did the subject require ? 3. What were the relations between 
Mexico and Texas ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



297 



sirmy of Observation in Texas. Operations near the Hio Grande. 

4. This offence, and an old quarrel about debts due from 
Mexico to people of the United States, became a pretext 

for war. The President sent 
General Zachary Taylor, with 
a small force, into Texas, in July, 
1845, which was called an 
Army of Observation. 

5. Taylor's troops encamped 
not far from the Bio Grande, 1 
the boundary between Texas 
and Mexico, and at the same 
time American ships of war 
went into the Gulf of Mexico. 

6. A large force of Mexi- 
can troops were assembled at 
Matamoras, near the mouth 
of the Bio Grande, 1 at the 
close of 1845. Early in Jan- 
uary, 1846, Taylor and his 
troops began building a fort 
opposite Matamoras? when 
the Mexican commander, Gen- 
eral Ampudia, z ordered him 

to leave within twenty-four hours. 

7. General Taylor refused to go. General Arista 4 was 
made chief commander of the Mexicans. He sent some 
Mexican troops across the river, and in a skirmish with 

Questions.— 4. What caused war between the United States and Mexico ? What 
did the President do? 5. What have you to tell about American military and naval 
forces ? 6. What can you tell about Mexican and American forces in and near Mata- 
moras ? 7. What did General Taylor refuse to do? What did the Mexicans do? 
What can you tell about the first blood shed in the war with Mexico? 

1 re'-o-grahn-da. 2 mat-a-mo'-rus. * am-poo'-dhe-ah. * ah-rees'-ta. 




POLK, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



298 THE UNION OF STATES. 



Battles at Palo jillo and liesaca de la 'Palma. War Declared. 

them late in April, some Americans under Captain Thorn- 
ton were killed. This was the first blood shed in 

THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 

8. Some American soldiers and provisions left at Point 
Isabel were now in danger. General Taylor left the fort 
opposite Matamoras, which he called Fort Brown, and, 
with a greater part of his troops, marched toward Point 
Isabel. 1 

9. The Mexicans attacked Fort Brown, and Taylor 
turned back to protect it. On his way back, with about two 
thousand men, he met the Mexican army under Arista, six 
thousand in number, at a prairie called Palo Alto. 2 

10. It was the 8th of May, 1846. A hard fight was im- 
mediately begun, and lasted five hours. The Americans 
won the victory, and the Mexicans retreated. On the fol- 
lowing day Taylor gained another victory over the same 
troops at Resaca de la Palma, 3 when the Mexicans 
lost a thousand men, and General La Vega was made pris- 
oner. The Americans lost only one hundred. 

1 1 . Before the news of these victories reached the 
United States, Congress had formally declared war 
against Mexico, and an extensive campaign had been 
planned for the invasion of that country, which extends 
from the Gulf to the Pacific Ocean. 

12. A fleet was to sweep around Cape Horn and attack 
its Pacific coast ; an Army of the West was to gather 

Questions.— 8. What can you tell about the movements of General Taylor? 9. 
What did the Mexicans and General Taylor do? 10. What occurred at Palo Alto 
and Resaca de la Palma ? 11. What did the Congress of the United States do? 12. 
Give an outline of the plan for a campaign. 

1 iz-a-bel'. 2 pah'-lo-ahl'-to. 3 reh-sah'-kadahlahpah'-mah. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 299 

T'lan of Campaign. Invasion of Mexico. Volunteers Trained. 



at Fort Leavenworth, invade New Mexico, and cooperate 
with the Pacific fleet ; and an Army of the Centre 
was to invade Old Mexico from the north 

13. It had been determined in council to take possession 
of Mexico, and the President was authorized to raise an 
army of fifty thousand men. Volunteers flocked to 
the camp in Texas at the call, and there General Wool pre- 
pared them, by thorough discipline, for invading the country. 

14. After his two successful battles, Taylor crossed the 
Rio Grande, drove the Mexican troops from Matamo- 
ras, and inarched against the strong Mexican town of 
Monterey. 1 It was surrendered to him on the 24th of 
September, 1846. General Taylor rested near this place, 
waiting for further orders from his government. 

15. Meanwhile General Wool had been preparing the 
volunteers. By the middle of July, twelve thousand of 
them were mustered into service. Nine thousand of these 
Wool sent to reinforce Taylor, and with the remaining three 
thousand he prepared to invade Mexico from San An- 
tonio. 

16. Wool penetrated Mexico in October, with the de- 
sign of taking possession of Chihuahua? in the heart of the 
country, but hearing of the capture of Monterey, he turned 
in the direction of Coahuila? His kindness to the people 
of the country won their affections. 

17. About the same time General Worth, sent out by 

Questions.— 13. What was determined on and what was done concerning Mexico ? 
14. What can you tell ahout an invasion of Mexico and a victory there ? W T hat did 
Taylor then do ? 15. What have you to say ahout General Wool and the volunteers ? 
16. What can you tell ahout Wool's invasion of Mexico ? 17. What did General 
Worth do ? What did Commodore Connor and General Taylor do ? 

1 mont-a-ra'. 2 che-wah'-wah. 3 ko'-ah-weel'-ah. 



300 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



American Troops in Mexico. 



Preparations for an Invasion. 




REGION OF TAYLORS OPERATIONS. 



General Taylor, took possession of Saltillo, 1 the capital of 
Coahuila, and near this place his army and Wool's were 
joined in December. Meanwhile Commodore Conner, with 

his fleet, had captured 
Tampico, 2 on the coast. 
Taylor had moved, and 
encamped at Victoria. 

18, General Winfield 
Scott was the commander- 
in-chief of the armies of 
the United States. He 
went to Mexico early in 1847, and prepared to attack the 
strong town of Vera Cruz 3 and the fort there. For that 
purpose he called troops from Victoria to strengthen his 
own. 

19. Taylor's army was now reduced to five thousand 
men, and he was compelled to act on the 
defensive against twenty thousand Mex- 
icans gathered at San Luis Potosi,* 
under General Santa Anna. 

20. Santa Anna advanced upon the 
Americans early in February, 1847. 
The two armies met and fought desper- 
ately at a place called Buena Vista 5 — 
meaning a pleasant view — on the 23d of 
that month. The battle lasted all day. 

The Mexicans were beaten with a loss of two thousand 
men. The Americans lost about seven hundred. 




SANTA ANNA. 



Questions.— 18. What have you to 6ay about General Scott and his movements? 

19. What was now the condition of Taylor's army, and what was he compelled to do ? 

20. What can you tell about Santa Anna, and a severe battle ? 



1 sahl-teel'-yo. 



tam-pee'-ko. s va-rah krooz'. 
* bwa'-nah vees'-tah. 



* sakn loo'-ie po-to-see'. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 301 

Yarious Operations in Mexico. 

21. All Northern Mexico was now in possession of the 
Americans. Taylor's army was inactive several months, 
and in September he gave the command of it to General 
Wool and returned home. Then the people, who admired 
him for his deeds, first began to talk about making him 
President of the Republic. 

22. While these events were occurring in Eastern Mex- 
ico, the Americans, under different leaders, were taking 
possession of other parts of the country. General Philip 
Kearney 1 was then in chief command of the Army of the 
West, at Fort Leavenworth. 

23. In August, 1846, Kearney, with a considerable force, 
drove the Mexicans from Santa Fe, 2 and took possession 
of New Mexico. He organized a government ; and leaving 
the main body of his troops there, with Colonel Doniphan, 3 
he crossed the continent into California. 

24. With a thousand Missourians Doniphan invaded 
Northern Mexico. After fighting a battle at Braceto* 
in December, 1846, and another at Sacramento, 5 in Febru- 
ary, 1847, he took possession of Chihuahua, one of the 
finest provinces of Mexico. 

25. In the meantime Colonel J. C. Fremont, 6 the ex- 
plorer of the Rocky Mountains, took possession of a portion 
of California, and on the 5th of July, 1846, declared that 
country independent. With the aid of an American 
fleet, under Commodore Stockton, Fremont subdued Cali- 
fornia. 

Questions.— 21. What did the Americans now possess ? What have you to tell 
about Taylor and his army ? 22. What have you to say about other American com- 
manders ? 23. What did General Kearney do ? 24. What did Colonel Doniphan do ? 
25. What can you tell about the doings of Colonel Fremont ? 

1 kar'-nee. a sahn-tah fa' '. 3 don'-i-fnn. * brah-the'-to. s sah'-kra-men'-to. 
6 freh-mont' '. 



302 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



Conquest of California Secured. Americans Capture Vera Cruz. 

26. General Kearney arrived in time to take part in the 
final battle at San Gabriel, on 
the 8th of January, 1847, which 
secured the conquest of Cali- 
fornia. On the 8th of February, 
Kearney, assuming the office of 
governor, proclaimed the annex- 
ation of California to the 
United States. 




COLONEL FREMONT. 



SCOTT S INVASION OF MEXICO. 



27. Early in March, 1847, General Scott landed near 
Vera Cruz with about thirteen thousand men. They were 
borne to the shores of Mexico by a fleet under Commodore 
Conner, which assisted in 
the attack on Vera Cruz. 

28. Vera Cruz was at- 
tacked on the 18th of March, 
after a siege of nine days, 
and on the 27th, the city, 
the strong castle of San 
Juan cl'Ulloa, 1 and five 
thousand prisoners, with five 
hundred cannon, were surrendered 
cans. 

29. On the 8th of April, Scott's army began their march 
toward the city of Mexico. At Cerro Gordo, 2 a difficult 

Questions.— 26. What have you to say about General Kearney, and the fate of Cali- 
fornia? 27. What can you tell about Scott's invasion of Mexico ? 28. Tell about the 
capture of Vera Cruz and its castle. 29. What did Scott's army do ? What can you 
tell about a battle ? 




RETRENCHMENTS AT VERA CRUZ. 



to the Ameri- 



sahn-hwan dah-oo'-loo'-ah. 



thaV-o-nor'-do. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



303 



2>a??/e of Cerro Gordo. 



Scolt Invades Mexico. 



mountain pass, they were met by Santa Anna and an army 
of twelve thousand men. There they had a severe battle on 
the 18th. The Mexicans were defeated with a loss of more 
than four thousand men. Santa 
Anna escaped on the back of a 
mule. 

30. Week after week Scott's army 
pressed steadily forward, taking pos- 
session of place after place, and rest- 
ing at Puebla, 1 a town of eighty 
thousand inhabitants, from May until 
August. Within two months the 
Americans had made ten thousand 
Mexicans prisoners, and captured 
seven hundred cannon and a vast amount of small arms and 
munitions of war. 

31. At Puebla, Scott was reinforced, and with ten thou- 
sand men he moved 




GENERAL SCOTT. 




ROUTE OP U. S. ARMY FROM VERA CRUZ TO MEXICO. 



on over the lofty 
Cordilleras, 2 a chain 
of high mountains in 
Mexico. From the 
summits of these the 
Americans looked 
down into the vast and fertile valley, and saw, in the dis- 
tance, the city of Mexico, the grand object of the expe- 
dition. 

32. After fighting severe battles at Contreras 3 and 

Questions. — 30. What, have you to say ahout the march of Scott's army, and its 
conquests ? 31. Tell about Scott at Puebla, and his march over the mountains. 



piveb'-lah. 



kor-dil'-yer-as. 



3 kon-tra'-ras. 



304 



THE UXION OF STATES. 



Battles near the City of Mexico. Americans Capture the City. 

Churubusco, 1 in August, and always beating the Mex- 
icans, the conquering Americans stood before the ancient 
capital, where Cortez, the Spanish conqueror, had stood 
almost three hundred years before. 

33. Santa Anna was then in the capital with his army. 
Scott offered him terms of peace. While commissioners were 
considering the terms, the treacherous Mexican strength- 
ened the defences of the city. Informed of this, Scott made 
a vigorous attack on the outer defences of the city on the 
morning of the 8th of September, 1847. 

34. The fortress of Molino del Bey 2 and the fortified 

hill of Chepultepec were carried by 
storm. Santa Anna and his offi- 
cers fled from their capital, and on 
the morning of the 14th of Septem- 
ber General Scott and his army 
entered the city of Mexico as 
victors. 

35. The war soon closed. The 
last battle of the war occurred at 
Huamantla on the 9th of October. 
A treaty of peace was agreed 
to on the 2d of February, 1848. 
Although the Americans had 
fairly won, by battle, the whole of 
the old Mexican Empire, it was all 
given back excepting New Mexico and California. These 




OPERATIONS NEAR MEXICO. 



Questions.— 32. What have you to say about the army near the Mexican capital ? 
33. What can you tell about Santa Anna and Scott ? What did Santa Anna and Scott 
do ? 34. What can you tell about the storming of places, and the surrender of Mex- 
ico ? 35. What can you tell about a treaty and its terms ? 



choo-TOO-boos'-ho. 



mo-ke'-no del ra. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 305 

Territory ^Purchased. Gold in California. Taylor Elected President. 

provinces became and have remained portions of the United 
States. Our government allowed Mexico $15,000,000 for 
them, and assumed debts to the amount of $3,000,000, due 
from Mexico to American citizens. 

36. In the same month in which this treaty was made, 
gold was first found on the American fork of the Sacra- 
mento 1 River, in California. It was discovered soon after 
in other places. When the news reached the United States, 
thousands of people hastened to California in search of gold. 

37. Gold was found in abundance. Permanent settle- 
ments, by people of our Republic, were made there, and thus 
was planted, on a firm foundation, one of the most flourish- 
ing States of our Union. 

38. The war with Mexico was the chief event of the 
administration of President Polk. A difficulty with Eng- 
land concerning the northern boundary of Oregon had been 
settled. Florida and Texas had been admitted as States in 
1845, and Iowa 2 in 1846. Wisconsin* was admitted in 
1848. 

39. The deeds of General Taylor in Mexico made him 
very popular, and in the autumn of 1848 he was elected 
President of the United States, with Millard Fillmore, of 
New York, as Vice-President. 

40. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The inauguration of President Folk; (2) causes 
of the war with Mexico; (3) beginning of the war 



Questions.— 36. What can you tell about the discovery of gold in California? 37. 
What were the effects of the discovery of gold ? 38. What was the chief event of 
Polk's administration ? What can you tell about a difficulty with England, and 
admission of new States ? 39. What about an election for President ? 40. What 
have we considered in this section ? 
/ 

1 sah'-kra-men'-to. 2 i'-o-wah. ■ wis-kon'-sin. 



306 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



Battles with Mexico. 



President Taylor, 



California. 



and its progress ; (4) conquest of California ; (5) cap- 
ture of the city of Mexico ; (6) treaty of peace ; {7) 
discovery of gold in California; (8) admission of new 
States, and (9) the election of a new President. 

The following is a list of all the principal battles fought 
during the war with Mexico, in which the Americans were 
always victorious : 



1846. 

Palo Alto May 8. 

Resaca de la Palmo May 9. 

Monterey Sept. 24. 

Braceto Dec. 25. 

1847. 
Buena Vista Feb. 23. 



Sacramento Feb. 28. 

Vera Cruz Marcb 27. 

Cerro Gordo April 18. 

Contreras Aug. 20. 

Churubusco Aug. 20. 

Molino del Rey Sept. 8. 

Chepultepec Sept. 13. 

Huamantla Oct. 9. 



SECTION XIII. 

TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. 

[1849-1850.] 

1. Zachary Taylor entered upon his duties as Presi- 
dent of the United States on the 5th of March, 1849. He was 
then sixty-five years of age. The 4th of March occurring on 
Sunday, the inauguration took place on Monday the 5th. 

2. The thousands of people who went to California in 
search of gold, soon formed a sufficient population to entitle 
the territory to the dignity of a State, and in September, 



Questions.— 1. Wbat bave you to say about President Taylor? 2. What can you 
tejl about the people of California, and the framing of a State constitution? 



THE UX10N OF STATES. 



307 



Constitution of California. Excitement in Congress. Omnibus Sill. 

1849, they met in convention and framed a State consti- 
tution. 

3. In February following the people of California asked 
Congress to admit their territory 
into the Union as a State. This 
request made a great stir in Con- 
gress and throughout the coun- 
try ; the people of California 
having in their constitution for- 
bidden the existence of negro 
slavery in their State. 

4. Representatives of the 
slave-labor States in Congress 
opposed the admission of 
California, because of that 
article in its constitution, and 
they threatened to break up 
the Union if it should be 
admitted as a free-labor State. 
The debates on the subject 
were sometimes violent. Finally 
Henry Clay proposed a com- 
promise, which was agreed to. 
5. Five Acts, grouped in one 
for the admission of California 
as a free-labor State ; for the organization of New Mexico 
and Utah into Territories, without mention of slavery ; for 
the establishment of the boundaries of Texas ; for the abo- 




TATLOR, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



bill, were passed, namely 



Questions — 3. What else did the people of California do ? What followed ? 4. 
What occurred in Congress, and why? What was threatened? What was done? 
5. Give an account of Henry Clay's proposition for a compromise. 



308 THE UNION OF STATES. 

Fugitive Slave Law. Death of President 2'aylor. A'ew Territories. 

lition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia ; and 
for the surrender to their masters of runaway slaves, escaping 
into free-labor States or Territories. 

6. The last bill, known as the Fugitive Slave Law, 
deeply offended many of the people of the free-labor States. 
They wished for its repeal, but it remained on the national 
Statute Book until it was expunged by the Civil War. 

7. While this Omnibus Bill, as it was called, was 
before Congress, President Taylor died. This was early in 
July, 1850. The Vice-President then became President, and 
on the tenth of that month began 

fillmore's administration. 

8. Mr. Fillmore was the thirteenth President of the 
United States. During Taylor's administration of sixteen 
months, one State {California), and three Territories (New 

t Mexico, Utah, and Minnesota), were 

added as members of the Republic. 
Utah was called, by the people who 
settled there, Deseret, 1 or the Land 
9. Utah was settled by Mormons, 
a sect founded by Joseph Smith, of 
New Yorh, having a peculiar religious 
joseph smith. belief, and who have since greatly in- 

creased in numbers. On account of their peculiar social 
system that Territory has not been admitted as a State. 

Questions.— 6. What was the last mentioned Act called ? What have you to say 
about it ? 7. What was the whole bill called ? What sad event happened ? Who 
became President? 8. What State and Territories were added to the Republic 
during Taylor's administration ? 9. What have you to say about Mormons ? 

1 dez-e-ret'. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



309 



Troubles with Spain. 



The Fisheries. 



Embassy to Japan. 



10. In the spring of 1850 trouble with Spain was threat- 
ened because of some offensive acts committed by citizens 

of the United States. These 
consisted in expeditions to assist 
the Cubans in their efforts to 
free themselves from the do- 
minion of Spain. These of- 
fences continued, more or less, 
for about ten years. 

11. In 1852 a dispute arose 
between the United States and 
Great Britain in regard to the 
fisheries in the neighborhood of 
Newfoundland. Both parties 
sent armed ships to those waters, 
but the quarrel was settled by 
negotiation, which is far better 
than fighting. 

12. In the same year a naval 
expedition was sent to Japan} 
off the eastern coast of China, 
to carry a letter from the Presi- 
dent. In this letter the Presi- 
dent asked for the friendship of the Japanese, and that our 
countrymen might be permitted to trade with them. 

13. The privilege was granted, and the most friendly 
relations now exist between the governments of the United 




FILLMORE, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 



Questions.— 10. What have you to say about expeditions to assist the Cubans ? 
11. What can you tell about a dispute concerning fisheries ? 12. What have you 
to say about an expedition to Japan ? 13. What was the result ? 



; jah-pan'. 



310 THE UNION OF STATES. 

Election of President. ^olar Explorations. 

States and Japan. Many Japanese youths are educated 
in the schools of the United States. 

14. During the administration of Mr. Fillmore, the Com- 
promise measures had quieted the public mind, and the elec- 
tion for a new President, in the autumn of 1852, was a quiet 
one. Franklin Pierre, 1 of New 
Hampshire, was chosen President, 
and William B. King, of Ala- 
bama, was elected Vice-President. 

15. It was during the adminis- 
tration of Mr. Fillmore that the re- 
markable voyages toward the North 
Pole were made, in search of the 
English navigator, Sir John Frank- 

DR. KANE. Urlf in which J),, E K Kane wag 

a principal actor. His published journals of these voyages 
are very interesting histories. 

16. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The inauguration of President Taylor ; (2) admis- 
sion of Califoimia into the Union as a free-labor State ; 
(3) death of President Taylor, and accession of Mr. Fill- 
more ; (4) additions to the Union ; (5) Mormons ; (6) 
expeditions to help the Cubans ; (7) the fisheries, and (8) 
the relations with Japan. 

Questions— 14. What have you to say about the compromise measures, and an 
election for President ? 15. What have you to say about certain voyages ? 16. What 
have we considered in this section? 

1 peerce. 




THE UNION OF STATES. 



311 



president fierce. 



Land and Sea Explorations. 



SECTION XIV. 



PI ERCE'S ADMIN ISTRATION 



[1853-1857.] 

1. Franklin Pierce took the oath of office on the 4th 
of March, 1853, when he was 
forty-nine years of age. He was 
the fourteenth President. The 
country was then prosperous, and 
nothing serious disturbed the 
public harmony. 

2. In May, 1852, ships were 
sent to explore the eastern coast 
of Asia; and land explorations 
were in progress to select a good 
route for a railway from the 
Mississippi to the Pacific 
Ocean. 

3. These explorations led to 
^the establishment of a line of 

steamships which regularly 
cross the Pacific Ocean between 
America and Asia, and a rail- 
way across our continent. 
Now travellers can go from New 
York to Japan in a short space 
of time. 
4. In 1854, Congress passed a bill for the organization of 

Questions.— 1. What have you to say about President Pierce, and the state of the 
country ? 2. What can you tell about explorations by sea and laud ? 3. What are 
the results of those explorations ? 




PIERCE. AND HIS RESIDENCE. 




312 THE UNION OF STATES. 

Slavery in Congress. Civil War in Kansas. Foreign Nation* Offended. 

the Territories of Kansas x and Nebraska. 2 Its provisions 
annulled the Missouri Compromise, and made slavery 

possible in all the Territories. 
This measure produced vio- 
lent agitation all over the 
country. 

5. The opponents of slav- 
ery were aroused to action 
by this measure. Emigrants 

OCEAN STEAMSHIP. f ^ ^ free _ labor Stateg 

flocked into Kansas. Many also went from the slave- 
labor States. When the Territory was organized, the 
two parties contended for the political mastery, and a Civil 
War broke out in Kansas. 

6. The war was quieted for a time by an exciting election 
for the Presidency, which took place in the autumn of 1856. 
The Democrats were victorious, electing James Buchanan* 
of Pennsylvania, President, and John C. Breckinridge, 
of Kentucky, Vice-President. 

7. Trouble with foreign nations was expected during the 
administration of President Pierce. Spain was offended 
because of expeditions from our shores to deprive her of 
Cuba. Great Britain was offended because our govern- 
ment sent her minister at Washington home for breaking 
our laws by enlisting men here for the British army ; and 
the Central American States were offended because 

Questions.— 4. What can you tell about a bill for the organization of two new 
Territories, and the effects ? 5. What did the opponents and friends of slavery do ? 
What occurred in Kansas ? 6. What made quiet ? What can you tell about an elec- 
tion in 1856? 7. What have you to say about expected troubles with foreign 
nations ? What nations were offended, and why ? 

1 kan'-zas. " neh-bras'ka. * bu-kan'-nan. 



THE XTNION OF STATES. 313 

Ostend Manifesto. 'Troubles Settled. Outline of Important JEvents. 

lawless men from the United States attempted to get pos- 
session of their country. 

8. On account of these unfriendly movements against 
friendly nations, called filibustering', a conference of 
American ministers in Europe was held at Ostend} in Bel- 
gium. They issued a paper known as the Ostend Mani- 
festo, which was discreditable to the American character. 
It was a plea in favor of the unrighteous doctrine, that 
Might makes Right. These troubles were, however, 
amicably settled. 

9. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The inauguration of President Pierce ; (2) our direct 
communications with Asia by land and water ; (3) the 
organization of the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, 
and ensuing troubles ; (4) election of President and Vice- 
President ; (5) causes of expected troubles with foreign 
nations, and (6) the Ostend Manifesto. 



OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1789 TO 1857.2 

1790. General Harmar defeated by the Indians in Oc?obe?\ District 

of Columbia organized as the seat of the national government. 

1791. United States Bank chartered. Vermont admitted into the Union 

in Jlfareh. St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Novem- 
ber. 

1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union in June. 

1793. Federal and Republican parties formed. Washington proclaims 

the neutrality of the United States in Jifay. 

1794. Indians in the northwest subdued by Wayne in August. 

Whiskey Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania. Congress 
authorizes the creation of a navy. 



Questions.— 8. What can you tell about a conference at Ostend and the result ? 
9. What have we considered in this section ? 

1 os' -tend. 3 See foot-note on page 32. 



314 THE UXION OF STATES. 

Outline of Important -Events. 

1795. John Jay's treaty with Great Britain ratified in June. 

1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union in Jane. Washington 

issues his Farewell Address in September. 

1797. John Adams inaugurated President in March, Extraordinary 

session of Congress beginning in May, 

1798. Preparations for war with France. 

1799. Washington dies in December. 

1800. The city of Washington becomes the National Capital. Treaty 

of peace concluded with France in September. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President in March. Tripoli 

declares war against the United States in Jane. 

1802. Ohio admitted into the Union in November. 

1803. Louisiana purchased of France in April, Commodore Preble 

sent to the Mediterranean sea. 

1804. Decatur destroys the Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli in 

February. Alexander Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr in a 
duel in July. 

1805. Derne, in Africa, captured by American and Mohammedan soldiers 

in Apr//. Treaty of peace made with Tripoli in Jane. 

1806. European forts blockaded. 

1807. Burr tried for treason and acquitted. First navigation by steam. 

The Leopard attacks the Chesapeake in June. British war 
vessels ordered to leave American waters in July. Embargo 
Act passed in December. 
1809. Embargo Act repealed, and commercial intercourse with France 
and England forbidden by Congress, in March. James 
Madison inaugurated President in March. 

1811. Action between the President and Little Belt in May. Indians 

defeated near the Tippecanoe in November. 

1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union in April. War declared 

against Great Britain in June. General Hull invades Can- 
ada, and Fort Mackinaw is taken by the British, in July. 
Van Home is defeated and Detroit is surrendered in August. 
The American frigate Essex captures the Alert, and the Ameri- 
can frigate Constitution captures the Guerriere in August. 
Battle at Queenstown occurs in October. The American sloop- 
of-war Wasp captures the Frolic, and the American frigate 
United States captures the British frigate Macedonian, in Oc- 
tober. Madison re-elected President in November. The 
American frigate Constitution captures the Javain !l)ece?7tber. 

1813. Americans defeated at Frenchtown and massacred in January. 

American sloop Hornet captures the Peacock in February. 



THE tTNlON OF &TATE&. 315 

Outline of Important Events. 

Toronto captured by the Americans and General Pike killed 
in April. Fort Meigs besieged by the British, Fort George 
taken by the Americans, and the British repulsed at Sackett's 
Harbor, in May. The Shannon captures the Chesapeake, a 
battle is fought at Stony Creek, and the British are repulsed 
at Craney Island, in June. Fort Meigs again besieged and 
the British repulsed in July. The British and Indians 
driven from before Fort Stephenson in August* The Brit- 
ish sloop Pelican captures the Argus, and the Americans are 
massacred at Fort Minis, in August. The American brig 
Enterprise captures the Boxer, and Perry gains a victory on 
Lake Erie, in September. The Battle of the Thames occurs 
in October. The Battle of Chrysler's Field is fought in 
JVov ember. Villages on the Niagara River are burned in 
December. 

1814. The Creek Indians subdued in Ma?*ch. The American frigate 

Essex captured in the harbor of Valparaiso, and Americans de- 
feated at La Colle, in March. The American sloop Peacock 
captures the Epercier in Ap?'il. Fort Erie is captured and 
the battles of Chippewa and Bridgewater are fought in July. 
The British are repulsed at Fort Erie and at Stonington, the 
Americans are defeated at Bladensburg, and Washington City 
is burned in August. The American sloop Wasp captures 
the Avon in September. The British are defeated on land 
and water at Plattsburg, and repulsed at and near Baltimore 
and from Fort Bowyer, near Mobile, in September. The 
British are driven from Fort Erie in September, and from 
Pensacola in November. American gunboats captured by 
the British in Lake Borgne, and a treaty of peace is signed at 
Ghent, in %>ecembe?\ 

1815. The British are defeated at New Orleans and the American frig- 

ate President is captured by the British in January. The 
American frigate Constitution captures two British vessels, and 
peace proclaimed by the President, in _F'eb?*uary. The 
American sloop Hornet captures the Penguin, and Congress 
declares war against Algiers, in March, Decatur is sent 
against the Algerines in May, and humbles them and others 
of the " Barbary States " in July and August. 

1816. Indiana is admitted into the Union in / Decembe?\ 

1817. James Monroe inaugurated President in March. Indians in 

the Gulf region commit depredations. Mississippi admitted 
into the Union in 'December. 



316 THE UNION OE STATES. 



Outline of Important Events. 



1S18. Jackson goes against the Seminole Indians, and pensions granted 
to soldiers of the Revolution, in March. Jackson hangs 
two British subjects in Florida in April. Arrangements 
about the coast fisheries made in October. Illinois is ad- 
mitted into the Union in Deceniber. 

1819. Alabama admitted into the Union in 'December. Commodore 

Perry sent against the West India pirates. 

1820. Maine admitted into the Union, and " Missouri Compromise " 

act passed, in Ma?*ch. Monroe re-elected in November. 

1821. Florida annexed to the United States in July. Missouri ad- 

mitted into the Union in August. 

1823. Pirates among the West India islands dispersed by Commodore 

Porter. 

182 4. Lafayette comes to the United States in August. 

1825. John Quincy Adams is inaugurated President in March. Erie 

Canal finished. 

1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died in July. 
1S2S. " American System" adopted. 

1829. Andrew Jackson is inaugurated President in March. 

1832. Troubles in Georgia concerning the Indians. The Black Hawk war 

occurs. United States Bank charter vetoed in July. Nulli- 
fication doctrines avowed in South Carolina. 

1833. Henry Clay's compromise measure is made a law in March. 

Government money removed from the United States Bank in 
October. 

1835. War commenced by the Seminole Indians in December. 

1836. Creeks subdued and sent beyond the Mississippi. Arkansas is 

admitted into the Union in June. 

1837. Michigan is admitted into the Union in January. Martin Van 

Buren is inaugurated President in March. Extraordinary 
session of Congress is held in September. Seminoles de- 
feated by Taylor in December. Insurrection in Canada 
breaks out. 

1841. William Henry Harrison is inaugurated President in March 
and dies in April. John Tyler becomes President in 
April. Extraordinary meeting of Congress in May. The 
Cabinet resigns in Septei7iber. 

1S42. War with the Seminoles and the troubles about a new constitu- 
tion in Rhode Island are ended. 

I844.. The Electro-magnetic Telegraph is perfected in June. 

184.5. Bill for the annexation of Texas is signed by Tyler, Florida is 
admitted into the Union, and James K. Polk is inaugurated 



THE UNION OF STATES. 317 



Outline of Important Events. 



President, in Jlfarc7i. General Taylor sent to Texas with 
troops in July. Texas admitted into the Union in %)e- 
cember. 

1846. Taylor begins building Fort Brown in January. First blood 
shed in the war with Mexico in April. Fort Brown attacked 
in J fay. Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma fought, 
and Mexico invaded, in May. Congress declares war against 
Mexico in May. California declared independent by Fre- 
mont in July. New Mexico conquered in August. Tay- 
lor captures Monterey in September. General Wool 
invades Mexico in October. Wool's and Worth's armies 
unite near Saltillo, and the Battle of Braceto occurs, in ^De- 
cember. Iowa is admitted into the Union in *Dece7nber. 

184-7. Battles at Buena Vista and Sacramento are fought in Febru- 
ary. Vera Cruz surrendered to the Americans under General 
Scott in March. Battle at Cerro Gordo is fought in April. 
Battles at Contreras and Churubusco occur in August. 
Americans win victories at Molino del Rey and Chepultepec 
in September The American armies enter the city of Mex- 
ico in Septembei\ Battle at Huamantla fought in Octo- 
ber. 

1848. Treaty of peace signed in Mexico in February. Wisconsin 

admitted into the Union in May. 

1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President in March. 

1850. President Taylor dies and Millard Fillmore becomes President in 

July. California is admitted into the Union in Septe??i- 
ber. The Fugitive Slave Law passed in Septembe?\ 

1852. Disputes about coast fisheries settled. Commercial intercourse 

with Japan opened. 

1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President in March. 

1854. Kansas-Nebraska bill is passed in May. 

1855. Civil war in Kansas. Invasion of Central American States by 

citizens of the United States. 

1856. James Buchanan elected President in November. The Ostend 

Manifesto issued. 



318 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



President 'Buchanan. Slavery Question. Events in Kansas. 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE CIVIL WA<k AJ\ T (b THE SOCIAL 
(REVOLUTION. 



SECTION I. 

BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
[1857-1861.] 

1 . James Buchanan was 

inaugurated the fifteenth Presi- 
dent of the United States on 
the 4th of March, 1857. He 
was then sixty-six years of age. 
From the beginning to the 
end of his administration the 
slavery question violently 
agitated the people in all parts 
of the country. 

2, The struggle for political 
ascendancy in Kansas, between 
the people of the free-labor and 
the slave-labor States, con- 
tinued, the President giving 
the weight of his influence in 

buchanan, and nis kesibence. f aV or of the latter. The con- 
flict was ended in 1858 by an overwhelming vote of the 




Questions.— 1. What have you to say about President Buchanan and his adminis- 
tration ? 2. What have you to say about a struggle in Kansas ? 



THE CIVIL WAR. 319 



The Mormons. Rejnibtican 2*arty. Ocean Te/er/raph. 

inhabitants of Kansas in favor of making it a free -labor 
State. 

3. In 1857 a rebellions movement was made by the Mor- 
mons in Utah, but it was soon put clown by the presence 
of a military force which was sent into the Territory. Quiet 
was restored in April, 1858. 

4. The quarrel about Kansas had caused much bitter 
feeling. A great party, opposed to slavery, arose in 1856, 
called the Republican Party. Under its banner were 
rallied the opponents of slavery. The contest of words 
waxed hotter and hotter as the time for the election of 
a new President drew near. 

5. In 1858 public attention was arrested for awhile by the 
successful connection of the American and European con- 
tinents by telegraphic wires. After a message from the 
Queen of England and a reply from the President of the 
United States had passed over the " Atlantic Cable," 
the connection was broken and remained so for some years. 

6. In 1859 the agitation about slavery was aroused to 
great vehemence by the foolish attempt of an enthusiast 
named John Brown to free the slaves of Virginia. He 
entered that State with a small band of armed followers, and 
seized the government arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He was 
captured and hung. This was like an electric spark that 
exploded the magazine of Civil War. 

7. In 1860 an embassy from Japan ; also the Prince of 
Wales, visited the United States. They directed public 
attention from political affairs for awhile ; but when, in the 

Questions.— 3. What can you tell about the Mormons in 1857? 4. What have you 
to say about a new party, and a political contest? 5. What can you tell about the 
magnetic telegraph between America and Europe ? 6. What have you to say about 
John Brown? 7. Tell about an embassy from Japan, and visit of the Prince of 
Wales. What have you to say about political affairs, and Mr. Lincoln ? 



320 THE CIVIL WAR. 



Enemies of the Union. "Star of Ike West." Secession Movements. 

autumn of that year, Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of 
the Republican party, was elected President, there was 
intense excitement all over the land. 

8. The friends of the slave system thought that insti- 
tution and their entire social system was in danger, and 
they resolved to secede from the National Union 
and found a new nation composed of the inhabitants of the 
slave-labor States. 

9. The political leaders in South Carolina took the first 
step toward retiring from the Union. On the 20th of De- 
cember, 1860, they met in convention and declared that 
South Carolina was no longer a member of the Union. 

10. It being evident that the South Carolinians in- 
tended to seize the forts in Charleston Harbor, Major An- 
derson, in command of a few troops, left Fort Moultrie 1 
and took possession of Fort Sumter. 

11. In January, 1861, the steamer Star of the West, with 
supplies for the garrison in Fort 
Sumter, while entering Charleston 
Harbor was fired upon and driven 
back by batteries which the South 
Carolinians had erected on the ad- 
jacent shores. So began a terrible 
Civil War. 

12. In January, 1861, conventions 
in the States of Mississippi, Flor- 
jefferson davis. j^ Alabama, 2 Georgia, and 

Louisiana declared that their respective States were no 

Questions.— 8. What did the friends of the slave system think and do? 9. What 
did the political leaders in South Carolina do ? 10. What was evidently ahout to 
happen in Charleston harbor, and what did Major Anderson do ? 11. With what cir- 
cumstances was the Civil War begun ? 12. What have you to say about conventions 
In certain States, and in what States ? 

1 mool'-tre, ' ah'-lah-bah'-mah. 




THE CIVIL WAR. 



321 



Confederate Slates Government. 



Doings of Congress. 



longer members of the Union. Their acts were called Or- 
dinances of Secession. A convention in Texas did 
the same thing early in February. 

13. On the 4th of February, 1861, a Congress, composed 

of delegates from these several 
States, excepting Texas, met 
at Montgomery, Alabama, 
organized a provisional govern- 
ment under the title of the 
Confederate States of 
America, and elected Jef- 
ferson Davis, of Mississippi, 
President, and Alexander H. 
Stephens, of Georgia, Vice- 
President. 

14. Forts, arsenals, navy- 
yards, custom-houses, and 
other property belonging to 
the United States, within 
these States, were seized and 
appropriated to the use of the 
lil? insurgents. They created an 
army, authorized a navy, and 
took measures for seizing 
Lincoln, and his residence. Washington City and taking 
possession of the general government. In this effort Vir- 
ginia soon assisted, and became the seventh State of the 
Confederacy. 

15. On the 4th of March, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was 




Questions.— 13. Give an account of the formation of the government of the " Con- 
federated States of America." 14. What was done with public property in certain 
States ? What did the Confederate government do ? What did Virginia do ? 



322 THE CIVIL WAR. 



Doing* at Fort Sumter. The President's Call for Troops. 

inaugurated President. His address on that occasion was 
conciliatory. The Southern leaders, however, would listen 
to no words of kindness, but ordered General Beauregard, 1 
at the head of troops in Charleston, to attack and seize 
Fort Sumter. Then began the great 

CIVIL AVAR. — [1861.] 

16. On the 12th of April the insurgents attacked Fort 
Sumter. After sustaining a fierce bombardment for thirty- 
four hours, with a small garrison ; and when his food was 
exhausted, Major Anderson, its commander, withdrew with 
his troops and sailed for JVew York, carrying with him the 
flag of Sumter. The fort was evacuated, not surren- 
dered. 

17. The evacuation took place on the 14th of April. On 




FORT SUMTER. 

the following day the President issued a proclamation calling 
for seventy-five thousand volunteers to suppress the 
insurrection. More than that number almost immediately 
started from the free-labor States in obedience to the call. 

Questions.— 15. What have you to say about Abraham Lincoln and his inaugural 
address? What did the Southern leaders do? 16. What did the insurgents at 
Charleston do ? What have you to say about the evacuation of Fort Sumter ? 17. 
What did the President then do ? What have you to say about the people in the free- 
labor States ? 

1 bo'-re-gard'. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 323 



Movements of the Confederates. 'Bailies in Virginia. 

18. This was followed by a proclamation from Mr. Davis, 
offering commissions to privateers to depredate on the com- 
merce of the United States. Mr. Lincoln also issued an- 
other proclamation, declaring all the ports of the Confederate 
States in a state of blockade. 

19. About the same time the Virginians attempted 
to seize the arsenal at Harper's Ferry and the navy-yard at 
Gosport, when each was set on fire by its respective com- 
mander. The Virginians obtained about two thousand 
cannon at the navy-yard. 

20. In May national troops crossed the Potomac River 
into Virginia, and occupied Arlington Heights and the 
city of Alexandria. The Confederate soldiers were then 
pressing northward, and very soon about one hundred 
thousand of them occupied a line through Virginia, from 
Norfolk to Harper's Ferry. 

21. On the 10th of June, 1861, a battle was fought at 
Big Bethel, where the Nationals were defeated. On the 
following day the Confederates were beaten at Romney, in 
West Virginia. About the same time a convention in West 
Virginia declared its independence of old Virginia, and 
organized a provisional government 

22. In July, 1861, the Confederates made Richmond, 
Virginia, their capital. Confederate troops under General 
Beauregard now pressed toward Washington City. They 
were met in Fairfax County, Virginia, by National 
troops under General McDowell. 

Qtjestions.— 18. What did Jefferson Davis and Mr. Lincoln do ? 19. What have 
you to say about public property at Harper's Ferry and Gosport Navy-yard ? 20. 
What did National troops do in May ? What have you to say about the Confederates ? 
21 . What have you to tell about battles in West Virginia and political movements 
there ? 22. What have you to tell about the Confederate capital and the meeting of 
Confederate and National troops ? 



324 THE CIVIL WAR. 



Saitie of Suli Sun. Doings of Congress. Events in Missouri. 




23. In a severe conflict, known as the Battle of Bull 
Run, on the 21st of July, the Nationals were defeated. 

They fled in haste and con- 
fusion toward Washington. 
General McClellan, who had 
hastened from West Virginia, 
now took the chief command 
of the army. 

24. Congress met on the 
4th of July, and voted a hun- 
dred million dollars in 
general m'clellan. money and five hundred 

thousand men to carry on the war against the secession- 
ists. The insurrection had now assumed the character of a 
Civil War. 

25. The area of conflict rapidly widened. There was a 
severe contest in Missouri l between the Secessionists and 
the Unionists for the control of that State. At Carthage 2 
in July ; and at Dug Springs, near the Arkansas^ bor- 
ders, and at Wilson's Creek, in August, there were severe 
conflicts. At the latter place the Union General Lyon was 
killed. 

26. In September the Nationals under Colonel Mulligan 
were compelled to surrender to a large Confederate force at 
Lexington, Missouri. After that the war continued in 
Missouri, with varying success, for a long time. 

27. At the close of August General Butler and Commo- 

Questions.— 23. What have you to say about the battle of Bull Run, movements 
of troops and General McClellan ? 24. What did the National Congress do ? What 
have you to say about the insurrection? 25. What can you tell about the area of the 
conflict ? What about battles in Missouri in July and August ? 26. What have 
you to say about a battle in September and the continuance of war in Missouri ? 
1 mis-soo'-re. 2 kar'-thage. 3 ark'-an-saw. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 325 



Jiattles in Various Places. Capture of Masoti and Slidell. 

dore Sbringhcum, 1 with a land and naval force, captured 
forts, constructed by the Confederates, at Hatteras 2 Inlet. 

28. General Rosecrans 3 defeated the Confederate Gen- 
eral Floyd at Carnifex 4 Ferry, in West Virginia, in Sep- 
tember. Late in October the Nationals were beaten in a 
battle at Ball's Bluff, on the Upper Potomac. 

29. Early in November troops under General Grant were 
beaten at Belmont, 5 in Missouri ; and on the same day 
(November 7, 1861), the forts at Port Royal entrance, 
hundreds of miles east of Missouri, on the Atlantic coast, 
were captured by the National Navy under Admiral Du- 
pont. G 

30. The latter victory secured to the Nationals all the 
fine islands on that Southern coast for the remainder of the 
war. 

31. In November, Captain Wilkes? who was in command 
of a National frigate, captured James M. Mason and John 
Slidell? Confederate ambassadors, on their way to Europe, 
on board an English vessel. They were released by our gov- 
ernment because the seizure, according to the American 
doctrine, was in violation of the rights of neutrals. 

32. From the beginning of the conflict the attitude of 
France and Great Britain was unfriendly toward our 
national government. They helped the Confederates all they 



Questions.— 27. What can you tell about operations at Hatteras Inlet ? 28. What 
have you to say about Generals Rosecrans and Floyd in West Virginia ? What about 
events at Ball's Bluff? 29. What have you to say about General Grant in Missouri, 
and naval operations at Port Royal entrance ? 30. What did a national victory at 
Port Royal secure ? 31. What have you to tell about the capture of Mason and Slidell, 
and its effect ? 32. What have you to say about France and Great Britain ? What 
did the seizure of Mason and Slidell produce, and what was the result ? 

1 string' -urn. 2 hat'-te-ras. * rose'-krance. 4 Tcar'-ne-fex. 6 bel-monl'. 6 doo-pont'. 
7 wilks. 8 sli-del'. 



326 THE CIVIL WAR. 



Position of England. Paper Money. Sat ties. 

could. This seizure led England to threaten war ; but the 
justice of our government soon shamed that government 
into silence. 

33. At the close of 1861 the war was raging at places 
several hundred miles apart. Congress had authorized the 
issue of an immense amount of paper money to carry on 
the war, and the banks had generally suspended the payment 
of specie. 

34. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The inauguration of President Buchanan ; (2) the 
civil war in Kansas and the result of the struggle ; (3) 
the Atlantic cable ; (4) John Broivn's raid ; (5) visit- 
ors from abroad ; (6) the insurrectionary movements 
and beginning of civil war ; and (7) the progress of that 
war. 

SECTION II. 

THE CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. 
[1862.] 

1. On the 19th of January, 1862, General George H. 
Thomas gained a victory over the Confederates at Mill 
Spring, Kentucky, which gave the National forces much 
advantage in that region. 

2. On the 8th of February General Burnside and Com- 
modore Goldsborough * took Roanoke 2 Island from the 

Questions.— 33. What have you to say ahout the war at the close of! 861 ? 34. 
What have we considered in this section ? 

Questions— 1. What have you to say ahout a hattle in Kentucky ? 2. Give an ac- 
count of the capture of Roanoke Island and New Berne, and the effects. 

1 golds' -bur-rah. 2 ro-a-nofce'. 



THE CIVIL WAE. 



327 



Military Operations in Several States. Capture of Fort J)onelson. 

Confederates, and soon afterward New Berne, in North 
Carolina. These victories gave the National army control 
of a large region of country, extending even above the Dis- 
mal Swamp, and imperilled Norfolk. 

3. In February General Grant and Commodore Foote 
were operating on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. 
On the 16th of that month Grant, assisted by Foote, cap- 
tured Fort Donelson, with over thirteen thousand men 
under General Buckner. This victory opened the way to 
Middle Tennessee, and caused the Confederates to leave 
Kentucky. 

4. Toward the western part of Arkansas, among the 
Ozark 1 Mountains, is a place called Pea Ridge. There 
National troops under Generals Curtis and Sigel 2 beat the 
Confederates under General Van Dom on the 8th of March. 

5. On the same day a vessel-of-war, named the Merri- 
mack, which had been 

seized by the Confed- 
erates at the Gosport 
Navy-yard and covered 
with iron plates ; went 
down from Norfolk, 
and at the mouth of 
the James River de- 
stroyed two National 
frigates, the Congress and the Cumberland. 

6. This "ram," as it was called, was expected to destroy 

Questions.— 3. Give an account of the operations of General Grant and Commo- 
dore Foote on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and the effects. 4. What have 
you to say about a battle in Arkansas ? 5. Give an account of the doings of the 
Merrimack. 6. What have you to say about the Merrimack and a strange vessel ? 




THE "RAM" 1 MERRIMACK. 



o-zark'. 



'/■gel. 



328 



THE CIVIL WAR. 




THE HOK1TOR. 



Genera/ Movements against the Confederates. 

other vessels near Hampton the next morning. During the 
■£-> * night a strange-looking 

^^ vessel, lying deep in the 

water and with a revolv- 
ing turret, appeared and 
drove off the Merrimack 
in the morning. She was 
called the Monitor, and 
was commanded by Lieutenant John L. Worden. 

7. On the 22d of February, Washington's birthday, the 
President, as commander-in-chief of the army and navy, 
ordered all of the National forces on land and sea to move 
against the Confederates at all points. The Army of 
the Potomac was then commanded by General McClellan ; 
and the Confederates, who were not far from the Bull Run 
battlefield, moved off toward Richmond, expecting he would 
follow. In March the Nationals under General Pope cap- 
tured New Madrid, 1 in Missouri. 

8. General Grant went up the Tennessee River to Pitts- 
burgh Landing, near the borders of Alabama, and there 
and at Shiloh Church he fought and defeated the Con- 
federates under Beauregard and A. S. Johnston, on the 
7th of April, 1862. This is known as the Battle of 
Shiloh. 

9. At the same time Commodore Foote, with a fleet of 
gun-boats, attacked and captured Island No. 10, in the 
Mississippi River. On the 11th, Fort Pulaski, 2 at the 

Questions.— 7. What can you tell about a general forward movement of the ar- 
mies ? What about the Confederates in Virginia and Pope's victory in Missouri ? 
8. Give an account of the battle of Shiloh. 9. What have you to say about a victory 
on the Mississippi and the surrender of a fort at the mouth of the Savannah ? What 
did General Mitchel do ? 

1 mah-drid'. 2 pu-lawz'-ki. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 329 



Battles in Various Places. Capture of JVery Orleans, 




mouth of the Savannah River, was surrendered by the 
Confederates to General Gillmore. 
On the same day General Mitchel 
took possession of Huntsville, in 
Northern Alabama, 

10. The Confederates retreated 
from Shiloh to Corinth, in Northern 
Mississippi. General Halleck led the 
National army very slowly in pursuit, 
and on its arrival at Corinth in May, E FOO te. 
he found the place deserted. 

11. The summer was passed in quietude. On the 19th of 
September the Nationals under Rosecrans gained a victory 
over Price, in a battle near Iuka Springs, a few miles 
eastward of Corinth. He repulsed a large body of Con- 
federates who attacked Corinth, on the 4th of October 
following. Memphis, Natchez and other places had been 
captured by the Nationals during the summer. 

12. In. the spring of 1862 the Nationals were successful 
on the Lower Mississippi. The gun-boats, under Com- 
modore Farragwt, 1 assisted by Commodore Porter and 
others, attacked and ran by two forts below New Orleans, 
and ascended the river. Twenty thousand Confederates 
under General Lovell retired from New Orleans, and on 
the 25th of April General Butler, with National troops, took 
possession of the city. 

13. During the summer of 1862 there was a large Con- 

Qttestions.— 10. What have you to say ahout a retreat and pursuit of the Confed- 
erates? 11. What have you to say about the doings of Rosecrans in Northern Mis- 
sissippi? 12. Give an account of passing forts and capturing New Orleans. 13. 
What have you to say ahout a Confederate army in Kentucky ? 

1 far'-ra-gut. 



330 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



General .Movement of Armies. 



Norfolk Captured. 



federate army in Kentucky under General Bragg. He 
threatened Cincinnati and Louisville, but was foiled, and 
finally defeated in battle by General Buell at Perry ville, 
in Kentucky. 

14. There was a general movement against Richmond 
in the spring of 1862. General McClellan took the Army 
of the Potomac to Fortress Monroe ; General Fremont 
commanded a body of troops in West Virginia and East 
Tennessee ; General Banks was at the head of a force in 
the Shenandoah Valley ; and General McDowell was 
with another force on the Rappahannock River. 

15. Early in April McClellan moved slowly up the 
peninsula between the York and James rivers, and at 
Williamsburg, on the 5th of May, had a severe battle with 
the Confederates, which he won. On the 10th of the same 

month General Wool captured 
Norfolk, and the Confederates 
destroyed the ram Merrimack, 
which they had named the Vir- 
ginia. 

16, McClellan crossed the 
Chickahominy River ; and on 
the 31st of May fought an inde- 
cisive battle at Fair Oaks. The 
Confederates were commanded by 
General Joseph E. Johnston, who 

was wounded. He was succeeded in command by General 

Robert E. Lee. 




GENERAL LEE. 



Questions.— 14. What can you tell about forces engaged in a general movement 
toward Richmond ? 15. What can you tell about McClellan on the Virginia Penin- 
sula, a battle at Williamsburg, and the capture of Norfolk ? 16. What did McClellan 
do. and what can you tell about a severe battle and Confederate leaders ? 



332 THE CIVIL WAR. 



Battles near 'Richmond. Movements of Lee and his Opponents. 

17. The Confederates now pressed on toward Washing- 
ton City. Banks fled down the Shenandoah Valley 
pursued by Confederates under " Stonewall " Jackson. 
McClellan now thought it prudent to change his base of 
supplies to the James River. 

18. From the 25th of June to the close of that month 
several very destructive battles were fought not far 
from Richmond without decisive results, though two hun- 
dred thousand men were engaged. 

19. Meanwhile the forces of Fremont, Banks, and 
McDowell were placed under General Pope as a consolidated 
army, and stood between the Confederates and Washington 
City. McClellan was ordered to assist Pope, but he did not 
arrive in time to help him in his extremity. 

20. Lee pressed on toward Washington. At Cedar 
Mountain Jackson was defeated by Banks on the 9th of 
August. After that the contention between the two armies 
was very severe. At the close of the summer of 1862, the 
National forces under Pope, near Bull Run, were defeated, 
and driven to the fortifications around Washington City. 

21. Lee now pressed forward, not toward Washington 
City, but across the Potomac into Maryland. McClellan, 
who had been appointed to the command of all the troops 
near Washington, followed and gained a victory over the 
Confederates at South Mountain, in Maryland, on the 
14th of September. 

Questions.— 17. What did the Confederates do ? What did Banks and McClellan 
do f 18. What have you to say about a series of battles near Richmond ? 19. Wbat 
can you tell about the joining of National forces, and General Pope? 20. What did 
General Lee do ? What have you to say about Banks and Jackson, and a battle near 
Bull Run? 21. What did Lee and McClellan now do ? 

1 shen'-an-do'-ah. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 333 



Battles at c4.ntietam and Murfreesboro* . Emancipation Threatened. 

22. On the following day, Harper's Ferry, with 
eleven thousand men, was surrendered to the Confederates. 
On the seventeenth, in a hard fought battle on Antietam 
Creek, Lee was defeated with heavy loss. He retreated 
across the Potomac into Virginia. 

23. In November, 1862, General Bumside succeeded 
MeClellan in command of the Army of the Potomac. 
He pursued Lee to the Rappahannock ; and at Fredericks- 
burg, after a very severe battle, he was driven back across 
the river by the Confederates. Here the National army 
remained until late the next April. 

24. At the close of December, 1862, General Rosecrans 
fought the Confederates several days at Murfreesboro', in 
Tennessee, and was victorious after a loss of twelve thou- 
sand men. He drove the Confederates under Bragg toward 
Georgia. 

25. In July, 1862, Congress gave President Lincoln 
authority to declare the perpetual freedom of the slaves 
in certain States. In September he issued a proclamation 
warning the people of those States that unless they should 
cease making war upon the government he would set their 
slaves free. 

26. We have considered in this section— 

(1) Military operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, North- 
ern Mississippi and Arkansas in 1862 ; (2) the Merri- 
mack and Monitor ; (3) the grand forward movement 

Questions.— 22. What have you to say about Harper's Ferry, and a battle in 
Maryland ? 23. What can you tell about General Bumside and his doings with the 
Army of the Potomac ? 24. What have you to say about conflicts in Tennessee ? 
25. What did Congress authorize the President to do, and what did he do ? 26. What 
have we considered in this section ? 

1 an-tee'-tum. 



334 TffJS CIVIL WA&. 



Emancipation Proclaimed. Sattie of Chancellorville. 

of the armies ; (4) surrender of Fort Pulaski; (5) capture 
of New Orleans; (6) a general movement toward 
Richmond; (7) Confederate invasion of Maryland ; 
and (8) further military operations in Virginia. 



SECTION III. 

THE CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. 
[1863.] 

1. The warning of the President was unheeded, and on 
the 1st of January, 1863, he issued a proclamation of 
emancipation for about three million slaves. In 1864, 
fully two hundred thousand of the freedmen were soldiers 
in the National Army. 

2. Late in January, 1863, General Joseph Hooker became 
the commander of the Army of the Potomac. Toward the 
end of April he led them across the Rappahannock, 1 and 
on the edge of the Wilderness, at Chancellorville, they 
had a severe battle on the 2d and 3d of May. The Nationals 
were driven back beyond the Rappahannock with a heavy 
loss. 

3. Early in June, General Lee, with about a hundred 
thousand men, moved down the Shenandoah Valley 
and crossed the Potomac into Maryland. Hooker followed 
him on his flank. On the 28th of the month General George 



Questions.— 1. What have you to say ahout the Emancipation Proclamation ? 2. 
What can you tell about General Hooker, and the doiDgs of his troops ? 3. Wh-it 
can you tell about the movements of General Lee, and about Generals Hooker and 
Meade ? 

1 rap'-pa-han'-ok. 



336 THE CIVIL WAR. 



"Baffles at Gettysburg. Siege, of Charleston. Tort Hudson. 

C. Meade succeeded Hooker as commander of the Army of 
the Potomac. 

4. About this time Lee pushed forward into Pennsyl- 
vania, being disappointed because so few Marylanders 
joined his army. From the 1st to the 3d of July, a desper- 
ate battle was fought at Gettysburg, and the Confederate 
army was defeated with terrible loss. General Lee retreated 
on the 4th of July, and escaping into Virginia with his 
army, moved rapidly toward Richmond. 

5. Meanwhile General J. G. Foster was struggling with 
General A. P. Hill for the mastery of the coast-region of 
North Carolina. At the same time General Longstreet, 
of Lee's army, was unsuccessfully trying to drive the 
National forces from Norfolk. 

6. In April Admiral Dupont 2 and General Gillmore 
began a siege of Charleston, S. C, which lasted almost two 
years. Bombardments were frequent. National bomb-shells 
reduced Fort Sumter to a heap of ruins, and the city was 
terribly shattered by them. 

7. At the same time, General Banks, in command of the 
Department of the Gulf, with his headquarters at New 
Orleans, drove the Confederates out of portions of Louis- 
iana westward of the Mississippi. In July he captured 
Port Hudson on that stream, taking six thousand Con- 
federates prisoners of war. 

8. At the close of the year 1862 General Grant entered 

Questions.— 4. What did Lee do ? What can you tell ahout a severe battle? 5. 
What have you to say about operations in Norlh Carolina and near Norfolk? 6. 
What have you to say about the siege of Charleston, and the effects of bombard- 
ments ? 7. What have you to tell about General Banks' movements in Louisiana 
and on the Mississippi? 8. What can you tell about General Grant's operations on 
the shores of the Mississippi ? 

1 get'-tez-burg. 2 du-pont'. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



337 



Surrender of Yicksburg. 



"Battle of Chiekamauga. 



upon the task of clearing the banks of the Missis- 
sippi River of Confederate forces. Their chief stronghold 
was at Vicksburg, and he proceeded to attack that city, 
from which General Sherman had been repulsed on the 
27th of December. 

9. Grant was aided by Admiral Porter with a fleet of 
gun-boats. A decided victory 
at Port Gibson by the Na- 
tionals on the first of May led 
to others, and on the 4th of 
July the Confederate General 
Pemberton surrendered 
Vicksburg and his army to 
Grant. More than thirty thou- 
sand Confederates were made 
prisoners. 

10. Rosecrans had driven 
Bragg into Georgia, where 
the latter was joined by troops from Lee's army under Gen- 
eral Longstreet. South of Chattanooga, 1 on Chieka- 
mauga 2 Creek, the Nationals and Confederates had a very 
severe battle on the 19th and 20th of September. 

11. In the battle of Chiekamauga, Rosecrans was 
beaten and his army was driven back to Chattanooga. 
Grant had hastened to help him, and arrived just in time to 
relieve him from great peril. 

12. General George H. Thomas was placed in command 
of the Army of the Cumberland. General Sherman 

Questions.— 9. By whom was Grant aided ? What was accomplished ? 10. What 
have you to say about General Rosecrans, and a severe battle ? 11. What can you 
tell about the battle of Chiekamauga ? What did Grant do ? 12. What have you to 
say about General Thomas, his associates, and a severe battle ? 

1 chat'-a-noo'-gah. s chlk-a-maw'-gah. 




ADMIRAL PORTER. 



338 THE CIVIL WAR. 



Battle near Chattanooga. War in the Southwest. Morgan's Haid. 

joined him late in November, and with the assistance of Gen- 
eral Hooker these officers gained a decided victory over the 
Confederates on the 25th of that month, after a conflict of 
three days known as the battle of Chattanooga. 

13. At this time General Bumside was in command of 
National troops at Knoxville, in East Tennessee, where he 
was besieged by Longstreet. Sherman went to the relief 
of Bumside, and the Confederates, having been repulsed on 
the 29th of November, fled into Virginia. 

14. During 1863 the war raged in Missouri and Arkan- 
sas, but no great battle was fought in either State. On the 
1st of September General Blunt took Fort Smith from the 
Confederates. On the 10th General Steele, at the head of 
National troops, captured Little Bock, the capital of Ar- 
kansas, from the Confederates. 

15. In June, a noted leader of a roving band, named 
Morgan, with three thousand horsemen, crossed the Ohio 
Biver into Indiana, and swept through the southern por- 
tions of that State and of Ohio, expecting to join Lee in 
Pennsylvania. He was captured on the 26th of July with 
nearly the whole of his command. 

16. The National Navy, which had grown to be 
large and powerful, thoroughly blockaded the Southern 
ports during 1863, while fleets of gun-boats greatly assisted 
the National troops on the coasts and the rivers of the South- 
west. 

17. The President having been authorized to make a 
draft for three hundred thousand men for the army, ordered 



Questions .—13. Give an account of Bumside and his troops at Knoxville. 14. 
What have you to say about the war in other places in 1863 ? 15. Give an account of 
Morgan's raid and its results. 16. What have you to say about the National Navy ? 
17. What can you tell about a draft and a riot ? 



Tirfi CIVIL WAR. 339 



Draft SZiots. West Virginia a State. 

it in the spring of 1863. There was violent opposition to the 
measure ; and resistance to it, in the city of New York, led 
to a very serious riot there in July, which lasted four days. 
The rioters displayed the most fiendish disposition toward 
the harmless colored people. 

18. On the 20th of June, 1863, a new State was added 
to the Union by the admission of West Virginia. Kansas 
had been admitted as a State on the 29th of January, 1861. 

19. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The Emancipation Proclamation ; (2) military 
operations in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania ; 

(3) operations in North Carolina and Lower Virginia ; 

(4) siege of Charleston ; (5) operations on the Mississippi 
River ; (6) events in Northern Georgia and East Ten- 
nessee ; (7) Morgan's raid, and (8) the National Navy 
and the draft. 



SECTION IV. 

THE CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. 
[1864.] 

1. At the beginning of 1864, the National armies were 
strong, hopeful and cheerful. The government was well 
supplied with men and money. 

2. In February, General Sherman marched eastward 
from Vicksburg almost to Alabama, destroying an im- 



Questions.— 18. What can you tell about the admission of new States ? 19. What 
have we considered in this section ? 

Questions.— 1. What have you to say about the National armies ? 2. Give an ac- 
count of the movements of Generals Sherman and Seymour. 



340 THE CIVIL WAR. 



Events in Louisiana and Kentucky, Zarge Armies put in Motion. 

mense amount of property and liberating ten thousand 
slaves. At the same time General Seymour 1 was de- 
feated by Confederates in a battle at Olustee, 2 in Florida. 

3. In March, General A. J. Smith and Admiral Porter 
went up the Red River with gun-boats and troops, and 
were joined by soldiers under General Banks, who had 
marched from New Orleans across Louisiana. 

4. Above Alexandria the Nationals under Banks 
fought sharp battles at Sabine 3 Cross-roads and 
Pleasant Hill, but were compelled to retrace their steps. 
It was with much difficulty that Porter's gun-boats de- 
scended the rapids at Alexandria, on account of low water 
there. 

5. While these troops were up the Red River, Confeder- 
ates under General Forrest invaded Kentucky and Tennes- 
see, captured Union City, and afterward, on the 12th of 
April, captured Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi, where 
three hundred of its defenders were killed after its surrender. 
General Steele had met with misfortunes in Arkansas. 

6. In March, 1864, General Grant was commissioned 
Lieutenant- General, and made commander-in-chief of 
all the National armies. At the beginning of May he or- 
dered the larger bodies of troops to move against the Con- 
federates at various points. 

7. General Meade, in command of the Army of the 
Potomac, accompanied by Lieutenant-General Grant, 
moved toward Richmond, and fought the army of Lee 

Questions.— 3. Tell about an expedition up the Red River. What did General 
Banks do ? 4. What can you tell about battles above Alexandria, and the passage of 
the Rapids there ? 5. What happened in Kentucky, Tennessee and Arkansas? 6. 
What have you to say about General Grant ? What did he order ? 7. What have you 
to say about General Meade ? What about two terrible battles ? 

1 see'-rnoor. 2 o-lus-tee'. 3 sa-bine'. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 34 1 




Sherman' 's Invasion of Georgia. Richmond Threatened. 

much of the way to the James River. On the 5th of May the 
terrible battle of the Wilderness, which lasted two days, 
was begun. That of Spottsylvania took place on the 9th. 

8. At the same time General Sherman moved from 
Chattanooga into the heart of Georgia to capture At- 
lanta. He was opposed by General 
Joseph E. Johnston. Sherman 
won battle after battle and drove 
the Confederates from their strong- 
holds ; and in July he crossed 
the Chattahochee 1 River with his 
whole army and appeared before 
Atlanta. 

9. General Hood succeeded Gen- 
eral Johnston at Atlanta. After general sherman. 
three sharp battles there in July, the Nationals besieged 
the city. Hood abandoned it at the beginning of Septem- 
ber, and on the 2d of that month the Nationals took posses- 
sion of the place. It was one of the most important military 
posts in the South. 

10. At the beginning of June Grant had compelled Lee 
to fall back to the defences of Richmond. They had 
fought at the North Anna and Cool Arbor. Mean- 
while General Butler, with the Army of the James, had 
secured a position at Bermuda Hundred, near the mouth 
of the Appomattox 2 River. 

1 1 . Beauregard was now coming up from North Caro- 

Questions.— 8. What can you tell about General Sherman's campaign in Georgia ? 
9. What can you tell about events at Atlanta ? 10. What can you tell about the 
movements of Grant and Lee ? What did General Butler do ? 11. What did Beaure- 
gard do ? What did Grant do, and what did he compel Lee to do ? 

1 chat'-ta-hoo'-chee. 2 ap'-po-mat'-tox. 



342 THE CIVIL WAR. 



Events in Shenandoah Valley and Maryland. 

Una to help Lee. Grant led his army successfully across 
the James River, and took a position before Petersburg. 
Lee was compelled to cross the river, also, to defend Peters- 
burg, its safety being essential for the security of Rich- 
mond. 

12. A force of Nationals under Sigel, in the Shenan- 
doah Valley, intending to aid Meade in his march toward 
the James, was defeated at New Market. General 
Hunter then took command of this army, and was compelled 
to retire into West Virginia, after gaining a victory at 
Piedmont 1 on the 5th of June. 

13. In July General Ear'ly, with about fifteen thousand 
Confederate troops, crossed the Potomac into Mainland, 
and threatened Baltimore and Washington. General 
Wallace, with a few troops, fought them at the Monocr- 
acy 2 River, and detained them until troops were thrown 
into Washington. Thus Wallace saved the National capi- 
tal and Baltimore. 

14. Early recrossed the Potomac with much plunder, 
closely pursued. He received a severe blow from National 
troops under General Averill near Winchester. Securing 
reinforcements, the Confederates pushed the Nationals back 
to the Potomac, and some of Early's cavalry again crossed, 
swept through Maryland, and burned Chambersburg, 
in Pennsylvania. 

15. While Grant and Sherman were making their suc- 
cessful movements on the land, Admiral Farragut was 

Questions.— 12. What can you tell about General Sigel and troops ? What have 
you to say about General Hunter? 13. Give an account of a Confederate invasion 
of Maryland. What did General Wallace accomplish ? 14. What did General Early 
do ? What can you tell about Early and Averill, and a cavalry raid into Maryland 
and Pennsylvania ? 15. What did Admiral Farragut do ? 

1 peed-mont', 2 mo-nok'-a-se. 



344 THE CIVIL WAK. 



Operations near Mobile. Battles in Shenandoah Valley. 




preparing to attack the forts below Mobile. This he did 
about the middle of August, and captured them on the 23d, 
with the assistance of troops under General Granger. 

16. Farragut's fleet entered Mobile Bay, and so cut 
off Mobile and a vast region of 
country occupied by the Confed- 
erates from all communication 
with the sea. This was a heavy 
blow for them. 

17. During the autumn, Gen- 
eral Philip Sheridan, who 
succeeded Hunter, broke the 
power of the Confederates under 
Early, in the Shenandoah 
Valley. On the 19th of Sep- ADMIRAL FARRAOTT - 
tember he defeated them at Winchester. Three days 
afterward he routed them at Fisher's Hill, and a month 
later he beat them at Cedar Creek. 

18. From the beginning of the war the English helped 
the Confederates. They built, manned, armed, and pro- 
visioned a ship-of-war for them, named the Alabama. She 
and the Sumter were the most destructive of the Confed- 
erate privateers. 

19. The Alabama was commanded by Raphael 
Semmes, 1 of Alabama. She destroyed or captured sixty- 
four American merchant vessels. The estimated value of 
property destroyed by her was ten million dollars. 



Questions.— 16. What more did Farragut do? 17. What did Sheridan do, and 
where ? 18. What have you to say about the English ? How did they help the 
Confederates ? 19. What have you to tell about the Alabama and her fate 1 



THE CIVIL WAR. 345 



The Alabama Destroyed. 'Battles near Nashville. 

20. The Alabama always avoided National war vessels. 
Finally, when she was compelled to leave a French port, she 
encountered the Kearsarge, 1 a National vessel commanded 
by Captain Winslow. The Alabama was sunk by the 
Kearsarge on the 19th of June, 1864. 

21. During the summer and autumn of 1864, and the 
ensuing winter, General Grant prosecuted the siege of 
Petersburg vigorously. Meanwhile General Sherman, 
leaving General Thomas to watch Hood, abandoned At- 
lanta and began his famous march toward the sea at the 
middle of November. He entered the city of Savannah, 
as a victor, on the 21st of December. 

22. Hood invaded Tennessee and pushed up toward 
Nashville. He had a sharp 
fight with Nationals under Gen- 
eral Sehofield, 2 at Franklin, 
drove them back, and then be- 
sieged Nashville, the capital of 
Tennessee, to which Thomas had 
retired. 

23. On the 15th of December 
General ^omas marched out and 

GENERAL THOMAS. 

attacked Hood, and drove him 




back into Alabama with great loss. 

24. On Christmas day, 1864, Fort Fisher, at the mouth 
of the Cape Fear River, was bombarded by Admiral Por- 
ter's fleet, and an attempt to capture the fort was made by 
troops under General Weitzel? It failed. On the 15th of 

Questions.— 21. What did General Grant do ? What can you tell about Sherman 
in Georgia ? 22. Give an account of an invasion of Tennessee. 23. What did Gen* 
era! Thomas do ? 24. What have you to say about Fort Fisher ? 

1 keer'-sarj. 2 skc/feeld. s wite'-zel. 



346 THE CIVIL WAR. 



Sherman's March across Geo?'gia and the Carolina t. 

January, 1865, the fort was captured by the combined 
forces of Porter and General Terry. The National forces 
then took possession of Wilmington. 

25. Meanwhile Sherman had crossed the Savannah 
River into South Carolina. On the 17th of February he 
captured Columbia, the capital of the State, and the 
Confederates abandoned Charleston. Colored troops then 
marched in and took possession of the latter city. 

26. Sherman marched from Columbia into North 
Carolina, and was joined at Goldsborough by Schofield 
and Terry, who came from Wilmington. On the 16th 
of March Sherman gained a 
victory over the Confederates 
under General Hardee. 1 

27. During the early part of 
the spring of 1865 Sheridan had 
greatly weakened Early's army ; 
and by quick movements had cut 
off supplies of food from Rich- 
mond. Lee's army was thus ' 

. . GENERAL SHERIDAN. 

threatened with starvation. 

28. Grant had compelled Lee to remain and defend 
Petersburg since June of the previous year. Seeing his 
peril from want of supplies, Lee attempted to escape 
by breaking through Grant's lines and joining the Confed- 
erates under Johnston in North Carolina. 

29. In this attempt Lee did not succeed. Encompassed 

Questions.— 25. What can you tell about Sherman in South Carolina? What 
occurred at Charleston ? 26. What did Sherman do ? Who joined him, and what 
happened ? 27. What have you to eay about the movements of Sheridan, and their 
results ? 28. What did Grant compel Lee to do ? What did Lee attempt to do ? 

1 hard'-ee. 




THE CIVIL WAR. 347 



Surrender of Zee and Johnston. President Lincoln Murdered. 



by the Nationals he was finally compelled to surrender his 
whole army to Grant at Appomattox Court-House. 

30. On the night of the 2d of April, 1865, Jefferson 
Davis and other members of the Confederate government 
fled from Richmond into North Carolina, and on the 
morning of the 3d, colored troops under General Weitzel 
marched into and took possession of the Confederate capital. 

3 1 . The surrender of Johnston's army in North Carolina 
soon followed that of Lee. Already the power of the Con- 
federates in Alabama and the adjacent regions had been 
broken by a cavalry force under General J. H. Wilson, who 
operated in aid of Canby. 

32. The Confederate troops in Mobile had been captured 
or dispersed, and peace was assured. The last conflict of the 
Civil War did not occur until more than a month later, 
when a severe skirmish occurred near the Rio Grande, in 
Texas. 

33. On the surrender of Lee the people rejoiced because 
of the assurance of peace. This event was followed by one 
which caused wide-spread mourning. Abraham Lincoln 
the President of the Republic, was assassinated in the 
National Capital on the evening of the 15th of April, 1865. 

34. According to the provisions of the Constitution the 
Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, now be- 
came President of the Republic. In the autumn of 1864, Mr. 
Lincoln had been re-elected President, and was inaugurated 
on the 4th of March, 1865. 

Questions.— 29. What have you to say further about General Lee ? 30. What did 
the Confederate government do ? What occurred at Richmond ? 31. What have you 
to say about Johnston's army, and the Confederate power elsewhere ? 32. What have 
you to say about Mobile, and the last battle in the Civil War ? 33. What events 
caused rejoicing and mourning ? 34. What have you to say about Mr. Lincoln's suc- 
cessor ? What was done in the autumn of 1864, and spring of 1865 ? 



348 THE UNION OF STATES. 

President Johnson. Capture of Jefferson Davis. 

35. In this section we have considered — 

(1) Military operations in Mississippi, Red River 
region and Kentucky ; (2) Grant's new commission, 
and advance of the Army of the Potomac ; (3) Sherman's 
campaign against Atlanta and in Georgia ; (4) the siege 
of Petersburg, and events in the Shenandoah Valley and 
in Maryland ; (5) capture of forts near Mobile ; (6) the 
Alabama, and her fate ; (7) Hood and Thomas in Tennes- 
see ; (8) capture of Fort Fisher ; (9) Sherman's cam- 
paign in the Carolinas, and (10) closing events of the 
Civil War. 



SECTION V. 

JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
[1865-1869.] 

1. Andrew Johnson took the oath of office as President 
on the 15th of April, 1865. He was the sixteenth chief 
magistrate of the Republic. He immediately offered large 
rewards for the arrest of Jefferson Davis and his official 
associates. 

2. Mr. Davis was captured in Georgia on the 10th of 
May, 1865, while making his way to the Gulf of Mexico, 
and after a long confinement in Fortress Monroe, was re- 
leased. 

3. The Civil War left much confusion in the States wherein 

Questions.— 35. What have we considered in this section ? 

Questions. — 1. What have yon to say about Andrew Johnson ? 2. What can you 
tell about Jefferson Davis ? 3. What have you to 6ay about the condition of certain 
States and the duty of the National government ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



349 



Reorganization Acts of Congress. 



Constitution Amended. 



insurrection had existed. The first business of the govern- 
ment was to bring order out of this confusion, and to have 

all the States represented 
in Congress. 

4. It was soon apparent 
that the Congress and the 
President would not agree 
upon a plan for the perfect 
reorganization of the Union. 
Congress wished to give all 
citizens of the United States, 
without distinction of race 
or color, equal privileges 
as citizens. The President 

^< opposed this proposition, and 
a final settlement was long 
delayed. 

5. Congress was strongly- 
supported by the people, and 

went forward in the execution of its plan for reorganiza- 
tion. By an amendment (the Thirteenth) of the National 
Constitution, approved by the people and proclaimed on the 
18th of December, 1865, slavery was forbidden to 
exist in the Republic forever. 

6. Another amendment (the Fourteenth) was adopted by 
Congress on the 13th of June, 1866, which guaranteed 
civil rights to the emancipated slaves ; enforced the pay- 
ment of the National Debt, then amounting to about three 




ANDREW JOHNSON. 



Questions.— 4. What was apparent in relation to the President and Congress? 
What did Congress wish to do? What did the President do ? 5. What have you to 
say about Congress and the people ? What about an amendment to the Constitution ? 
6. What about another amendment? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 351 

The President and Congress at Variance. The 'President Impeached. 

thousand million dollars, and prohibited the payment of the 
public debt of the Confederate States. 

7. Acts were passed for securing to the freedmen their 
rights as free citizens, and placing them on an equality with 
other citizens. These various measures were termed Recon- 
struction Acts. They were properly Reorganization 
Acts, for the Union had remained perfect from the begin- 
ning in all its essential elements. 

8. The President steadily vetoed the reorganization acts 
of Congress, believing them to be unconstitutional ; but they 
all became laws without his signature, by a vote of two-thirds 
of the members of each House of Congress in their favor. 

9. On account of the attempts of the President to frus- 
trate the action of Congress, and his public declaration that 
the National Legislature, as then organized, was an illegal 
body, he was put upon his trial on the 30th of March, 1868, 
charged with high crimes and misdemeanors. 

10. On the 22d of February, 1868, the House of Repre- 
sentatives made the charges, in the form of Articles of 
Impeachment. These were adopted, on the 2d of March, 
and the President was arraigned for trial before the Senate 
of the Republic, which sat as a High Court of Im- 
peachment. He was, after a long trial, acquitted. 

11. On the 1st day of March, 1867, the Territory of 
Nebraska 1 was admitted into the Union as a State. The 
Territory of Nevada 2 had been admitted on the 31st of 
October, 1864. 

Questions.— 7. What can you tell about acts of Congress? What were they 
called, and what should they be called? 9. What have you to say about the 
President and his relations to Congress ? 10. What can you tell about an impeach- 
ment and trial ? 11. What can you tell about the admission of States ? 

1 ne-brah'-ska. 2 ne-vah'-dah. 



352 THE UNION OF STATES, 

citlantic Cable, Alaska Sought. Election of President. 

1 2. We have observed that the telegraphic cable stretched 
across the Atlantic was broken in 1858, after only two mes- 
sages had passed over it. In the summer of 1865 a new and 
lasting one was laid. The first communication through it 
was made on the 29th of July. Other ocean cables have 
since been laid in various parts of the world. 

13. By a treaty with Russia in the autumn of 1867, a 
large domain in the northwestern extremity of North Amer- 
ica was purchased by the United States for the sum of 
seven million two hundred thousand dollars in 
gold, and annexed to the Republic as the Territory of 
Alaska. 1 

14. In the antumn of 1868, the Republican party named 
Ulysses S. Grant as their candidate for President of the 
United States, and Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President. 
The Democratic party named Horatio Seymour for Presi- 
dent and Francis P. Blair for Vice-President. Grant 
and Colfax were elected. 

15. In this section we have considered— 

(1) The inauguration of President Johnson and the 
capture of Jefferson Davis; (2) the Reorganization 
measures ; (3) amendments to the Constitution ; (4) 
the impeachment of the President ; (5) admission of 
new States; (6) a permanent Atlantic cable ; and (7) the 
purchase of Alaska. 

Questions.— 12. What have you to say about ocean telegraphic cables ? 13. What 
can you tell about a new Territory ? 14. What have you to say about nominations 
for President and the election ? 15. What have we considered in this section ? 

1 a-lask'-a. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



353 



President Grant, The Union Reorganized. Fifteenth Amendment. 



SECTION VI. 



GRANT'S ADMIN ISTRATION 



[1869-1875.] 

1. On the 4th of March, 1869, Ulysses Simpson Grant, 

the seventeenth President of 
the United States, was inau- 
gurated. He was then forty- 
seven years of age. He was 
chosen by a large majority 
of the people. 

2. During the first year 
of Grant's administration 
Virginia, Mississippi, and 
Texas, having complied with 
the requirements of Congress, 
were allowed representatives 
in that body. So the reor- 
t S ganization of the Re- 
public was finally perfect- 
ed. It now consists of 
thirty-eight States and 
ten Territories. 

3. On the 3Cth of 
March, 1870, a Fifteenth 

PRESIDENT GRANT AND HIS BIRTHPLACE. Amendmen t tO the Con- 

stitution was adopted and proclaimed, which guaranteed the 




Questions.— 1. What have you to say about President Grant ? 2. What can you 
tell about the perfecting of reorganization ? 3. What did the Fifteenth Amendment 
secure ? 



354 THE UNION OF STATES. 

Fenians. The Alabama c4ffair. A Settlement. 



right of suffrage to all citizens of the United States, 
without regard to race or color. 

4. In May following an organized band of Irishmen, 
styled Fenians, associated for the avowed purpose of liber- 
ating Ireland from the political control of Great Britain, 
invaded Canada from the United States, in violation of 
our neutrality laws. The movement was a failure. 

5. The fitting out of the privateer Alabama by British 
subjects, and her depredations, had produced a serious dis- 
pute between the governments of the United States and 
Great Britain. It was finally agreed to settle the matter 
by negotiation. Early in 1871 each government appointed 
commissioners for the purpose. 

6. This High Commission, as it was called, met in 
the city of Washington in the spring of that year, and 
soon agreed to submit the whole matter to arbitrators 
appointed by the two governments, whose decision should 
be final. 

7. The arbitrators met in Geneva, Switzerland. Their 
decision was that the British government should pay to the 
United States, for indemnity to American citizens for losses 
sustained by the depredations of the Alabama and other 
privateers, the sum of fifteen million five hundred 
thousand dollars. This was done, and so an apparent 
cause for war was removed by the more sensible and 
Christian-like way of peaceful negotiation. 

8. In the autumn of 1872 President Grant was re-elected, 
with Henry Wilson as Vice-President. His opponent was 

Questions— 4. What have you to say ahout the Fenians ? 5. What can you tell 
about a dispute between the United States and Great Britain ? 6. Tell what you 
know about a High Commission, and their doings. 7. What did the arbitrators do? 
8. What can you tell about an election in the autumn of 1872 ? 



THE UNION OF STATES. 355 

Indian ziffairs. The Centennial and Foreign Governments. 

Horace Greeley. Grant and Wilson were inaugurated on 
the fourth of March, 1873. 

9. Indian affairs and political troubles in the South occu- 
pied much of the public attention during a greater portion 
of Grant's second term of office. A peace policy with the 
Indians was yet only an experiment. 

10. The Modoc Indians gave special trouble. At a 
friendly conference they treacherously murdered General 
Canby and a clergyman in April, 1873. Four of the leaders 
were hanged in October following. 

11. By judicious measures our country has been kept at 
peace with other nations. Many of them will probably have 
official representatives at our National Centennial celebration 
at Philadelphia in 1876. The Territory of Colorado was 
admitted as a State March 4th, 1875. 

12. Our internal troubles, chiefly growing out of social 
changes in the South, seem in a fair way for adjustment, and 
our future appears cheerful. 

13. In this section we have considered — 

(1) The inauguration of President Grant; (2) the 
perfected reorganization of the Republic; (3) a Fif- 
teenth Amendment to the Constitution ; (4) a Fenian 
movement ; (5) the settlement of the dispute caused by 
the depredations of the Alabama, and (6) troubles with 
the Indians, and in the South. 



Questions— 9. What attracted much public attention ? What have you to say 
about a peace policy? 10. What can you tell about the Modoc Indians ? 11. What 
did judicious measures effect? What have you to say about other nations and our 
Centennial celebration? 12. What have you to say about internal troubles? 13. 
What have we considered in this section ? 



356 THE UNION OF STATES. 



Outline of Important Events. 



OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EYENTS FROM 1857 TO 1875.1 

1857. James Buchanan inaugurated President in Jtfa?*ch. 

1S5S. Quiet restored in Utah in April. First communication by tele- 
graph sent across the Atlantic in September. The people of 
Kansas vote to have a free labor State. 

1859. John Brown's raid into Virginia in October. 

1860. Embassadors from Japan, and the Prince of Wales visit the 

United States. Abraham Lincoln elected President in JVo- 
ve?nber. South Carolinians pass an ordinance of secession 
in December. 

1861. South Carolinians fire on the Star of the West ; secession ordi- 

nances passed in five States in January. Texans pass an 
ordinance of secession, and Confederate States government 
formed in February, Lincoln inaugurated President in 
March. Fort Sumter attacked and evacuated by National 
troops, and the President calls for 75,000 men to put down the 
insurrection ; Davis offers commissions to privateersmen ; Vir- 
ginians pass an ordinance of secession, and Southern ports 
declared to be blockaded in April. Arsenal at Harper's 
Ferry and navy-yard at Gosport destroyed; National troops 
enter Virginia, and ordinances of secession passed in Arkan- 
sas, Tennessee, and North Carolina in Jlfay. Battles at Big 
Bethel and Romney in June. Richmond made the Confed- 
erate capital ; the National Congress meet and vote men and 
money for war; battles at Bull Run, Carthage, and Dug 
Springs in July. Battle won by Confederates at Wilson's 
Creek, and forts at Hatteras Inlet captured by Nationals in 
August. Lexington surrendered to the Confederates, and 
battle at Carnifex Ferry in Septembe?\ Confederates vic- 
torious at Ball's Bluff in October. Nationals capture forts 
at Port Royal entrance, and Mason and Slidell ; Confederates 
victorious at Belmont in JVovembe?*. A large amount of 
paper money authorized in 1861. 

1862. Confederates defeated at Mill Spring, and the great National 

armies ordered to advance upon the Confederates in Ja?i- 
uary. Roanoke Island and Fort Donelson captured by the 
Nationals in Febi'uary. National victory at Pea Ridge ; 
Merrimack destroys U. S. ships ; fight between the Merrimack 

1 See foot-note on page Zi. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 35 Y 

Outline of Important Events. 

and Monitor, and New Berne captured by the Nationals in 
March. Victory of Nationals at Shiloh, and they capture 
Island No. 10, Fort Pulaski, Huntsville, and New Orleans, in 
April, Confederates defeated at Williamsburg; Norfolk 
captured by the Nationals, and battle at Fair Oaks, in May. 
Destructive battles near Richmond in June. Battle of Cedar 
Mountain, and severe battles near Bull Run in August. Na- 
tionals victorious at Iuka Springs : Lee invades Maryland and 
is defeated at South Mountain and Antietam in September. 
Confederates repulsed at Corinth in Octobe?\ Confederates 
successful at Fredericksburg in December, and defeated at 
Murfreesboro' in January. 

1863. Emancipation proclamation issued in January. Siege of 

Charleston begun in April. Confederates defeated at Port 
Gibson, and victorious at Chancellorville in May. West 
Virginia admitted into the Union, and Lee invades Maryland 
in Ju?ie. The Nationals victorious at Gettysburg ; Vicks- 
burg and Port Hudson surrender to the Nationals : draft riots 
in New York, and Morgan raids and is captured in Ohio in 
July. Confederates victorious at Chickamauga in Septem- 
ber. The Confederates defeated near Chattanooga, and re- 
pulsed at Knoxville in November, The Confederate ports 
thoroughly blockaded in 1863. 

1864. Sherman liberates about ten thousand slaves, and the Nationals 

are defeated at Olustee in February. Grant appointed 
Lieutenant-General and chief commander of all the National 
armies; the Red River expedition in March. Battles at 
Sabine Cross-roads and Pleasant Hill ; Confederates capture 
Fort Pillow in Ap?'il. The large National armies move for- 
ward ; and battles in the Wilderness, and Spottsylvania won 
by the Nationals ; Nationals repulsed at Cool Arbor, and 
routed at New Market, in May. The Confederates defeated 
at Piedmont, and the Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge in 
June. The Confederates invade Maryland ; they are checked 
at the Monocacy ; they sack and burn Chambersburg, and are 
defeated before Atlanta in July. The Nationals capture the 
forts below Mobile in August. Atlanta surrendered to the 
Nationals ; the Confederates defeated near Winchester, and 
routed at Fisher's Hill in September. The Nationals vic- 
torious at • Cedar Creek ; Nevada admitted into the Union in 
October. Hood invades Tennessee with a Confederate army, 
is repulsed at Franklin, and besieges Nashville in JVovem- 



358 TME UNION OF STATES. 

Outline of Important Invents. 

ber. Confederates defeated and driven from Nashville ; Na- 
tionals, after crossing Georgia, enter Savannah; Fort Fisher 
bombarded in December. 

1865. Fort Fisher captured by Nationals in Ja?iuary. Nationals 

capture Columbia ; Charleston occupied by colored troops, and 
the Nationals take possession of Wilmington in February. 
The Nationals defeat the Confederates under Hardee in North 
Carolina in March. Lee attempts to evade Grant, but sur- 
renders his army at Appomattox Court-House ; Jefferson Davis 
and Confederate associates flee from Richmond ; President 
Lincoln is murdered, and Andrew Johnson succeeds him ; 
General Johnston surrenders his troops, and the Nationals 
capture Mobile in April. Jefferson Davis captured, and the 
last conflict of the war occurs in Texas in May. Slavery 
proclaimed to be abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment of 
the National Constitution in 'December. 

1866. Fourteenth Amendment adopted in June. First communication 

sent over a permanent Atlantic Cable in July. 

1867. Nebraska admitted into the Union in March. Alaska pur- 

chased of Russia in Ju?ie. 

1868. Articles of Impeachment of President Johnson presented in 

February. His trial begins in March, and he is acquitted 
in May. 

1869. Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated President in March. Reorgan- 

ization of the Union perfected. 

1870. Fifteenth Amendment declared adopted in March. Fenians 

invade Canada in May. 

1871. A treaty concerning the depredations of the Alabama concluded 

in May. 

1872. President Grant re-elected, with Henry Wilson as Vice-President, 

in November. 

1873. Grant inaugurated in March. Modoc Indians murder Peace 

Commissioners in April. Modoc murderers hung in Octo- 
ber. 

1874. 1875. Internal troubles prevail in some of the Southern States. 



THE UNION OF STATES. 



359 



List of Important Hatlles of the Civil Wa 



LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 



1861. 
Attack on Fort Suinter, S. C. . . . April 12 

Big Bethel, Ya June 10 

Bull Run, Va July 21 

Wilson's Creek, Mo Aug. 10 

Lexington, Mo Sept. 12 

Ball's Bluff, Va Oct. 21 

1862. 

Mill Spring, Ky Jan. 19 

Roanoke Island, N. C Feb. 8 

Fort Donelson, Tenn Feb. 16 

Pea Ridge, Ark March 8 

Merrimack and Monitor, Va March 9 

Pittsburgh Landing, Tenn April 6 

Shiloh, Tenn April 7 

Forts below New Orleans, La. . . April 18 

Williamsburgh, Va May 5 

Fair Oaks, Va May 30 

Cross Keys, Va June 7 

Mechanicsville. .. . June 26") 

Gaines' Mill June 27 I Near 

Savages Station June 28 V Richmond, 

Glendale June 29 Va. 

Malvern Hill July 1 J 

Cedar Mountain Aug. 9 

Groveton, Va Aug. 29 

Bull Run (second), Va Aug. 30 

South Mountain, Md Sept. 14 

Antietam, Md Sept. 17 

Iuka Springs, Miss Sept 19 

Corinth, Miss Oct, 4 

Perry ville, Ky Oct. 8 

Fredericksburg, Va Dec. 13 

Murfreesboro', Tenn Dec. 31 

1863. 
Port Gibson, Miss May 1 



Chancellorville, Va May 2 

Vicksburgh, Miss., siege, May 19 to July 4 
Port Hudson, La., siege, May 27 to July 8 

Gettysburgh, Pa July 1 

Little Rock, Ark Sept. 10 

Chickamauga, Ga Sept. 19 

Chattanooga, Ga Nov. 25 

Knoxville, Tenn Nov. 29 

1864, 

Olustee, Fla Feb. 20 

Sabine Cross-Roads, La April 8 

Pleasant Hill, La April 8 

Fort Pillow, Tenn April 12 

The Wilderness, Va May 5 

Spottsylvania, Va May 9 

Resacca, Ga May 15 

Dallas, Ga May 28 

Cool Arbor, Va June 3 

Around Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.. June 

Kearsarge and Alabama June 19 

Mouocacy, Md July 9 

Atlanta, Ga July 22 

Forts below Mobile, Ala Aug. 22 

Winchester, Va Sept. 19 

Cedar Creek, Va Oct. 19 

Franklin, Tenn Nov. 30 

Nashville, Tenn Dec. 15 

Fort Fisher, N. C Dec. 25 

1865. 

Fort Fisher, N. C Jan. 15 

Averysboro', N. C March 16 

Near Petersburgh, Va... Feb. and March. 
Five Forks, Va April 1 



360 TZE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 

Remarks. Preamble. Objects of the Constitution. 

SECTION VII. 

THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 

We have here, and also on page 231, considered the causes which led to the con- 
struction of the National Constitution, in 1787; its adoption by the people of 
the United States as the organic law of the land, and the establishment of a 
National Government in accordance with its plan. Let us now take it up and 
study it carefully, for it is the Great Charter of our Liberties. We will 
begin with the introductory remarks, or 

PREAMBLE. 

We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for 
Objects. the common defence, promote the general welfare, and 

secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our pos- 
terity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
America. 

ARTICLE I. 

SECTION I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested 
Legislative Powers, in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist 
of a senate and house of representatives. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause.— The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 

chosen every second year by the people of the several 

House of Repre- States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifi- 

sentatives. cations requisite for electors of the most numerous branch 

of the State legislature. 
2of Clause.— No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to 

the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a 
Qualification of citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
Representatives, elected, be an inhabitant of the State in which he shall be 

chosen. 



Questions.— What have we considered ? What are the remarks introductory to 
the National Constitution called ? Recite the Preamble to the Constitution. Who 
ordained and established the Constitution ? For what purposes ? 

Art. I. Legislative Department. Sec. I. Recite Section I. In what body are all 
legislative powers vested ? Of what does Congress consist ? 

Sec. II. Recite the 1st Clause. How is the House of Representatives composed? 
How often and by whom are the Representatives chosen? What are the qualifica- 
tions for an elector or voter? Recite the M Clause. What is said about the age of a 
Representative ? How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What 
is required in regard to his residence ? What three qualifications must a Repre- 
sentative possess ? 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 361 

Apportionment of Representatives. Number of Senators. 

3d Clause.— Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the 
several States which may he included within this Union, 

according to their respective numbers, which shall be de- Apportionment of 
termined by adding to the whole number of free persons, Representatives, 
including those bound to service for a term of years, and 

excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumera- 
tion shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
United States j and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as 
they shall by law direct. The number of representatives 6hall not exceed one for 
every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative ; and 
until such enumeration shall be made, the State of Nen> Hampshire shall be en- 
titled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, SZhode Island and Providence 
"Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Penn- 
sylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, "Virginia ten, North Carolina 
five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

4th Clause.— When vacancies happen in the representa- __ . 

tion from any State, the executive authority thereof shall ^^' 

issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

5th Clause— The House of Representatives shall choose speaker h 
their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole appointed W 

power of impeachment. 

SECTION I1L 

1st Clause— The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Number of Senators 
legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall from each State, 
have one vote. 

2d Clause.— Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into 

three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class Classification of 
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the Senators, 

second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the 

third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every 
second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess 
of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- 
ments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

Questions.— Sec. II. Recite the 3c? Clavse. How are Representatives and direct 
taxes apportioned among the several States ? How are the respective numbers of 
the representative population to be determined ? When was the first enumeration 
or census to be made, and how often thereafter? How many inhabitants, at least, 
are required for one representative? What number shall each State have? What 
number of representatives respectively were the States then in the Union entitled 
to ? Of how many members, consequently, did the first. House of Representatives 
consist ? Recite the 4th Clause. How are vacancies in the representation of a State 
to be filled ? Recite the 5th Clause. Who shall choose the officers of the House of 
Representatives ? 

Sec. III. Recite the 1st Clause. Of whom shall the Senate be composed ? By 
whom are the Senators chosen, and for what space of time? How many votes is 
each Senator entitled to ? Recite the 2d Clause. Into how many classes were the 
Senators at first divided? In what order were their seats vacated? What propor- 
tion of Senators are chosen every second year? Under what conditions may the 
Executive or Governor of a State fill a vacancy in the Senate? How long may a 
Senator so appointed fill the office ? How shall the vacancy then be filled ? 



362 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 

Qualification of Senators. .Jleetinr/ of Congress. 

M Clause.— No person shall be a senator who shall not 
Quaancation ol haye attamed to the age of thirty yearSi and been nine yearg 

Senators. a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 

elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

■p - H- r»ffi ^ tfl Clause.— The Vice-President of the United States 

Presiding Urhcer ehaU be presitlent of the Sen ate, but shall have no vote, 

ol tne senate. unleBS they be equally divided. 
5th Clause.— The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of 
President of the United States. 

6th Clause.— The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments: 

When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or 

Senate, a court for affirmation. When the President of the United States 

trial of impeach- is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person 

ment. shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds 

of the members present, 
Hth Clause.— Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold anJ enjoy 
Judgment in case any office of honor, trust or profit under the United 
of Conviction. States • but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and pun- 
ishment, according to law. 

SECTION IV. 

1st Clause.— The times, places, and manner of holding 

Elections of Sena- elections for senators and representatives, shall be pre- 

tors and Repre- scribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the 

sentatives. Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such 

regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

2d Clause. —The Congress shall assemble at least once 

Meeting of Con- in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first 

gress. Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 

different day. 

SECTION V. 
1st Clause.— Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica- 
tions of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to 



Questions.— Sec. III. Recite the M Clause. At what age is a person eligible to 
be a Senator? How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? What 
is required concerning his residence? What are the three requisites of a Senator? 
Recite the 4th Clause. Who shall be the President of the Senate ? When may he 
vote ? Recite the 5th Clause. What officers shall the Senate choose ? What officers 
may they choose pro tempore, or for the time being, and under what conditions ? Re- 
cite the 6th Clause. What sole power has the Senate ? What sole power is given to 
the House of Representatives by the 5th Clause, Section II., Article I., of the Consti- 
tution ? Under what conditions shall the Senate sit for the trial of impeachment ? 
When shall the Chief-Justice of the United States preside in the Senate ? What pro- 
portion of the Senate shall be necessary to a conviction ? Recite the 7th Clause. In 
cases of impeachment, how far may judgment extend ? To what is the convicted 
person further liable ? 

Sec IV. Recite the 1st Clause. What prescription is allowed to each State legis- 
lature in regard to elections for members of the Congress ? What may the Congress 
do in the matter? Recite the M Clause. How often and at what time shall the Con- 
gress assemble ? How may a different day be appointed ? 

Sec V. Recite the 1st Clause. Of what may each House of Congress be the judge ? 
What proportion shall constitute a quorum to do business ? What power is given to 
a smaller number ? What power is given these concerning absent members ? 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 363 

Organization of Congress. Compensation of Members. 

do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day 

to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance Organization of 
of absent members, in such manner and under such penal- Congress. 

ties as each house may provide. 

2d Clause.— Each bouse may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, Rules of proceeding. 
and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3d Clause.— Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in 

their judgment require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of Journal of Congress, 
the members of either house on any question shall, at the 
desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

4th Clause. -Neither house, during the session of Con- 
gress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for Adjournment of 
more than three days, nor to any other place than that in Congress, 

which the two houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

1st Clause.— The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for 
their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, Compensation 
except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be priv- and privileges of 
ileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of members, 

their respective houses, and in going to and returning from 

the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned 
in any other place. 

2d Clause.— ~No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority 

of the United States, which shall have been created, or Plurality of offices 
the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during prohibited, 

such time ; and no person holding any office under the 
United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. 

section vn. 

1st Clause.— AW bills for raising revenue shall originate 
in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro- Bills, how originated, 
pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 



Questions.— Sec. V. Recite the 2d Clause. What powers are given each House 
over its rules of proceedings? What power is given to each for enforcing its own 
rules? Recite the 3d Clause. What is required of each House concerning its pro- 
ceedings ? What discretionary power is given to each House concerning its journals ? 
When shall the yeas and nays in each House be entered on the journal? Recite the 
4th Clause. What requirement is made concerning the adjournment of either House ? 
How are they restricted as to the place to which either may adjourn ? 

Sec. VI. Recite the 1st Clause. What provision is made for the compensation of 
the members of Congress? What privileges are members of Congress entitled to? 
What are the exceptions? How is freedom in speech and debate secured to mem- 
bers of Congress ? Recite the 2d Clause. How are members of Congress restricted 
concerning the holding of civil offices ? What will prevent a person being a member 
of Congress ? 

Sec. VII. Recite the 1st Clause. In which House of Congress shall revenue bills 
originate ? What may the Senate do ? 



364 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 

How bills become laws. Powers vesled in Congress. 

2d Clause.— Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 

the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to 

How bills become the President of the United States. If he approve he shall 

laws. sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to 

that house in which it shall have originated, who shall 

enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after 

6uch reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be 

sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be 

reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. 

But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays ; 

and the names of the persons voting for and against the biil shall be entered on the 

journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President 

within ten clays (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 

same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 

their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

M Clause.— Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Sen- 
ate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except 
Approval and veto on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the 
powers of the President of the United Stales; and before the same 
President. shall take effect shall be approved by him, or being disap- 

proved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION vm. 

1st Clause.— The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, im- 
posts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the 
Powers vested in common defence and general welfare of the United 
Congress. States y but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uni- 

form throughout the United States ; 
2c? Clause.— Ho borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 
3c? Clause.— To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

teh Clause— To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

5th Clause. — To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

Questions.— Sec. "VTT. Recite the 2d Clause. What shall be done with a bill 
after it has passed both Houses of Congress ? What must the President do with it? 
What shall the House to Avhich the bill may be returned with the President's objec- 
tions or veto do ? When shall the bill be sent to the other House ? What shall accom- 
pany the bill ? What shall the other House do ? If the bill shall be approved by two- 
thirds of both Houses, what then ? How shall the votes of the Houses be determined, 
in snch cases ? What shall be entered in the journals ? Under what other conditions 
may a bill become a law ? What is the exception ? Recite the 3d Clause. What must 
be done with every order, resolution, and vote, requiring the concurrence of both 
Houses, before they shall take effect ? What is the exception ? How may such orders, 
resolutions, and votes be made effective, notwithstanding the President's veto? 

Sec. VIII. Recite the 1st Clause. What powers are given to the Congress con- 
cerning taxes, duties, imposts, excises, debts, and the common defence of the United 
States? What is said about the uniformity of duties, imposts, and excises? What 
power is given to Congress by the 2c? Clause? What power is given to Congress by 
the 3c? Clause ? What power* is ffiven to Congress by the Uh Clause? What power 
is given to Congress by the 5th Clause? 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 565 



Powers of Congress. ddmission of Immigrants. 

6th Clause.— To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States / 

1th Clause. — To establish post-oftices and post-roads ; 

8th Clause.— To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective 
writings and discoveries; 

9th Clause.— To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

10th Clause.— To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations ; 

Uth Clause.— To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water ; 

12th Clause.— To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

YMh Clause.— To provide and maintain a navy ; 

Uth Clause.— To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces ; 

loth Clause.— To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; 

16th Clause. — To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the 
authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

lllh Clause. — To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, 
and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legisla- 
ture of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, 
arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;— And 

lath Clause.— To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution 
in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

1st Clause.— The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States 
now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand Immigrants, how 
eight hundred "and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed admitted, 

on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each 
person. 

Questions.— Sec. VIII. What power is given to Congress by the 6th Clause? 
What power is given to Congress by the 1th Clause? What power is given to Con- 
gress by the 8th Clause:? What power is given to Congress by the 9th Clause? What 
power is given to Congress by the 10th Clause? What power is given to Congress 
by the 11th Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 12th Clause? What 
power is given to Congress by the lMh Clause? What power is given to Congre-s 
by the lUh Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 15th Clause? What 
power is given to Congress by the 16th Clause? What is reserved to the States 
respectively ? What power is given to Congress by the 11th Clause? What power is 
given to Congress by the IWi Clause ? 

Sec. IX. Recite the 1st Clause. What, restrictions were imposed upon Congress 
concerning the migration or importation of certain persons, meaning slaves, from 
Africa or elsewhere ? What was the limit of that restriction ? What tax or duty 
might be laid? 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 



Habeas Corpus. 2 J oners of Slates defined. 



2d Clause.— The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
Habeas Corpus, shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or 
invasion the public safety may require it. 

3d Clause.— No bill of attainder or ex post facto law 
Attainder. ghall be passe d. 

4th Clause.— No capitation, or other direct tax shall be 
Taxes. laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration 

hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
5th Clause.— No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

6th Clause.— No preference shall be given by any regula- 
Regnlations regard- tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over 
ing duties. those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 

State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
7th Clause.— No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence o* 
appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and 
Money, how drawn, account of the receipts and expenditures of all pubLc 
money shall be published from time to time. 
8th Clause.— No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : And 
no person holding any office of profit or trust under them 
Titles of nobility shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any 
prohibited. present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, 

from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

SECTION X. 

1st Clause.— No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant 
letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of 

Powers of States credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in 
denned. payments of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto 

law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant 
any title of nobility. 

2d Clause.— No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or 
duties on imports or exports', except what may be absolutely necessary for executing 
its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State 
on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States y 
and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

3d Clause.— No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- 
nage, keep troops or ships-of-war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com- 
pact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually 
iavaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 



Questions. — Sec. IX. Recite the 2d Clause. What is said concerning the sus- 
pension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus? What does the 3d Clause pro- 
hibit? What is said in the 4th Clause about taxation? What does the 5th Clause 
prohibit concerning exportations from any State ? What does the 6th Clause provide 
concerning the commerce between the States ? What is provided in the 7th Clause 
in relation to the drawing of money from the Treasury, and a statement and account 
of receipts and expenditures? Recite the 8th Clause. What is said concerning titles 
of nobility ? What restrictions concerning favors from foreigners are laid upon 
National officers? 

Sec. X. What restrictions are laid upon each State by the 1st Clause? What 
restrictions are laid upon each State by the 2d Clause? What restrictions are laid 
upon each State by the 3d Clause? 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 36' 



Executive power 3 in whom rested. Qualifications for 'President. 



ARTICLE II. 

SECTION I. 

1st Clause.— The executive power shall be vested in a 
President of the United States of America. He shall Executive power, 
hold his office during the term of four years, and, together in whom vested, 
with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be 
elected as follows : 

2d Clause.— Each State 6hall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole num- 
ber of senators and representatives to which the State Presidential 
may be entitled in the Congress: but no senator or repre- electors, 
seutative, or person holding an office of trust or profit 
under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

3d Clause.— The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give Time of choosing 
their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the electors. 

United States. 

4th Clause.— No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
Stales at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, 

shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall Qualifications of 
any person be eligible to that office who shall not have the President, 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and beeu fourteen 
years resident within the United Stales. 

5th Clause.— In the case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties 

of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi- Resort in case of 
dent, and the Congress may by law provide for the. case of his disability, 
removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the Presi- 



Qttestions.— Art. II. Executive Department. Sec. I. Recite the 1st Clause. In 
whom is the executive power of the Republic vested ? What is the term of office of 
the President and Vice-President? Recite the M Clause. What shall each State do* 
What shall be the number of electors ? Who may not be an elector ? 

Now turn to the Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution, on' page 374. Where 
shall the electors meet ? How shall they vote ? What restriction is made ? How 
shall their ballots be made out? What lists shall they make? What shall they do 
with them? What shall the President of the Senate do? Who shall be declared the 
President under certain conditions ? What are those conditions ? When no choice 
shall be made by the electors, by whom is the President chosen ? From how many 
and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose a President? How 
shall the votes be taken ? What shall constitute a quorum ? What is necessary to a 
choice ? In the event of the House not choosing a President before the 4th of IVtarch 
following, who shall act as President ? How shall the Vice-President be chosen ? 
In the event of no choice by the electors, how shall he be chosen V Under what con- 
ditions may the Senate make the choice ? What is said about the eligibility of a 
person for Vice-President? Recite the 3d Clause of Section I., Article II. What 
may Congress determine concerning electors? What is said about the day on which 
electors shall vote ? Recite the 4th Clause. What is said about the birthplace of a 
person being eligible for the office of President? What shall be his age, at least, and 
the time of his residence in the United States? Recite the 5th Clause. On whom 
shall the office of President devolve, in the event of the death or disability of that 
officer ? What power is given to Congress for filling the places of President and 
Vice-President ? 



368 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION, 

Salary of the President. Power to convene Congress . 

(Tent and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such 
officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be 
elected. 

6th Clause.— -The President shall, at stated times, receive for his servic3s, a com- 
pensation, which shall neither be increased nordiminishea 
Salary of the Pres- during the period tor which he shall have been elected, and 
ident, he shall not receive within that period any other emolu- 

ment from the United States, or any of them. 
1th Clause.— Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation: — '"I do solemnly swear (or 
Oath, of office. affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President 
of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, 
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.''' 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause.— The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of 

the United Slates, and of the militia of the several 

Duties of the Pres- States, when called into the actual service of the United 

ident. States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the 

principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon 

any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power 

to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in 

cases of impeachment. 

2d Clause. —He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators 
His power to make present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with 
treaties, appoint the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint arnbas- 
ambassadors, sadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 

judges, etc. Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United 

States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro. 
vided for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by law vest 
the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President 
alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3d Clause.— The President shall have power to fill up all 
May fill vacancies, vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of 
their next session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the 
Union, and recommend to their consideration such meas- 

Power to convene ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on 

Congress. extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of 

them, and in case of disagreement between them, with 

Questions.— Sec. I. Recite the 6th Clause. What is said concerning the Presi- 
dent's compensation? What restrictions are laid upon him? What does the 1th 
Clause declare that the President shall do ? 

Sec. II. Recite the 1st Clause. Of what, and under what circumstances, shall the 
President be a commander-in-chief? What may he require of the officers of the ex- 
ecutive departments ? What powers are given him concerning 1 reprieves and pardons ? 
What is the exception? What power is given to the President by the 2d Clause? 
What proviso is made? What officers of the government shall he nominate, and, by 
and with the advice of the Senate, appoint ? What may the Congress do concerning 
appointments? Recite the 3d Clause. What power is given to the President for 
filling vacancies ? What is the duration of such commission ? 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 3G0 

How officers may be removed. Supreme Court jurisdiction. 

respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as ho shall 
think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take 
care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

SECTION IV. 
The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of 
the United Stales, shall be removed from office on im- How officers may 
peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other be removed, 
high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE I I I. 
SECTION I. 

The judicial power of the United Stales shall be vested in one supreme court, 
and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time 

to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Judicial power, 
supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during how vested, 

good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their 

services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in 
office. 

SECTION n. 

1st Clause.— The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising 
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under their authority ;— to all cases affecting 

ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ;— to all To what cases it 
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; — to contro- extends. 

versies to which the United States shall be a party ; — to 

controversies between two or more States ;— between a State and citizens of another 
State ; — between citizens of different States ; — between citizens of the same State 
claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens 
thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

M Clause.— In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
and those in which a State shall be party, the supreme 

court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other Jurisdiction of the 
cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have ap- Supreme Court, 
pellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such 
exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

Questions.— Sec III. What information is the President required to give to the 
Congress? What recommendations shall he make? What may he do on extraordi- 
nary occasions ? When may the President adjourn the Congress ? What is his duty 
respecting ambassadors ? What is his duty concerning the execution of the laws, 
and the commissioning of government officers ? 

Sec. IV. For what crimes may all civil officers of the Government be removed, 
and by what method ? 

Art. III. Judicial Department. Sec I. In what bodv or bodies is the judicial 
power of the Republic vested ? By what tenure do the judges hold their offices ? 
What is said about compensation for their services ? . 

Sec II. Recite the 1st Clause. How many subjects are named in which the 
United States courts have jurisdiction ? Name the 1st. Name the 2d. Name the 3d. 
Name the 4th. Name the 5th, Name the Cth. Name the Tth. Name the 8th. Name 
the 9th. Recite the 2d Clause. In what cases shall the Supreme Court have original 
jurisdiction ? What is its jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, in all the other cases 
mentioned ? What may be exceptions ? 



.370 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 



Treason defined. 



^Privilege of citizens. 



3d Clause.— The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the 

Rules respecting- said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not 
trials. committed within any State, the trial shall be at such 

place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

SECTION III. 
1st Clause.— Treason against the United States shall 
Treason defined, consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to 

their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
2d Clause.— No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

3d Clause.— The Congress shall have power to declare 
How punished. the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason 
shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during 
the life of the person attainted. 

ARTI CLE IV. 

SECTION I. 
Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
other State. And the Congress may by general laws pre- 
scribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceed- 
ings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 



Rights of States 
to public faith 
defined. 



SECTION II. 



1st Clause. The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several 
States. 

2d Clause. — A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, 
shall on demand of the executive authority of the State 
from which he fled , be delivered up, to be removed to the 
State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3c? Clause.— No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws there- 
of, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law 
or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or 
labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to 
whom such service or labor may be due. 



Privileges of citi- 
zens. 



Executive re qui 
sition. 



Law regulating ser 
vice or labor. 



Questions— Sec. II. Recite the 3d Clause. Bv whom shall all crimes be tried ? 
What is the exception? Where shall such trials be held? What mav the Congress 
direct ? 

Sec. IIT.— Recite the 1st Cl.ause. In what does treason consist? Recite the M 
Clause. What is required to convict a person of treason ? Recite the 3d Clause. 
What power is given to Congress in the matter of treason ? How are the conse- 
quences of attainder of treason limited? 

Art. IV. Sec. I. Recife this section. How are the public acts of the several 
States to be treated in each State ? What may Congress do in relation to them ? 

Sec. II. What does the 1st Cause declare'concernine: the privileges and immuni- 
ties of citizens ? Recite the 2e? Clause. Who shall be delivered up for removal from 
one State to another, on the demand of the executive authority of the State from 
which he fled? Where shall he be removed to ? What does the 3d Clause declare 
about fugitives from service or labor, meaning slaves, and apprentices bound by in- 
dentures ? 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 37 1 

jVew Slates, how admitted. Constitution, how amended. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. —New States may be admitted by the Con- 
gress irito this Union ; but no new State shall be formed New States, how 
or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; ncr formed and ad- 
any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, mitted. 
or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of 
the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause.— The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other prop- 
erty belonging to the United States; and nothing in Power of Congress 
this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any over public lands, 
claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form 
of government, and shall protect each of them against in- 
vasion, and on application of the legislature, or of the ex- Republican govern- 
ecutive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against ment guaranteed, 
domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall 
propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the appli- 
cation of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, Constitution, how 
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, to be amended, 
in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as 

part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the 
several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other 
mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress, provided that no amendment 
which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in 
any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; 
and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1st Clause.— All debts contracted and engagements en- 
tered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall Validity of debts 
be as valid against the United States under this Constitu- recognized, 

tion, as under the Confederation. 

Ouesttons.— Sec. in.— Recite the 1st Clause. By whom may new States be ad- 
mitted into the Union? What restrictions are applied in the formation of nevy 
Spates ? Recite the M Clause. What power is given to Congress by this clause ? 
What construction, as to claims, is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? 

Sec. IV. Recite this section. What shall the United States, or National Govern- 
ment, guarantee to every State? In what two ways is the National Government 
bound to protect ench State ? , 

Article V. Of what does this article treat ? In what ways may amendments to 
the Constitution be proposed? * How shall amendments be made a part of the Con- 
stitution ? What restrictions were imposed concerning the 1st and M Clauses ot the 
ninth section of the first article ? Recite those clauses. Have those restrictions any 
force now ? Why not ? What is said of the equality of the States in the Senate ? 

Article VI. Recite the 1st Clause. What is said of the validity of former pub- 
lic debts ? 



372 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 



Supreme Zctw defined. Freedom in Heilc/ion, Speech, <£c. 



M Clause.— This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall 

be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or 

Supreme law of the which shall be made, under the authority of the United 

land denned. States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the 

judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in 

the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

M Clause.— The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members 

of the several State legislatures, and all executive and 

Oath, of whom re- judicial officers, both of the United States and of the 

quired, and for several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to 

what. support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever 

be required as a qualification to any office or public trust 

under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 
The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall 
Eatification. be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution be- 
tween the States so ratifying the same. 
Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth 
day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the 
twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. [Signed 
by the members of the convention.] 

AMENDMENTS. 
At the first session of the First Congress, begun and held in the city of .Yew 
York, on Wednesday, the 4th of March, 1TS9, many amendments to the National 
Constitution were offered for consideration. The Congress proposed ten of them to 
the legislatures of the several States. These were ratified by the Constitutional num- 
ber of State legislatures by the middle of December, l r »91. Five other amendments 
have since been proposed and duly ratified, and have become with the other ten a 
part of the National Constitution. The following are the amendments : 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- 

Freedom in religion ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; 

and speech, and or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the 

of the press. right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 

the government for redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 
A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security 
Militia. of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear 

arms shall not be infringed. 

Questions. — Art. VI. Recite the 2c? Clause. What is declared to be the supreme 
law of the land? By what are the judges in every State bound? Recite the 'id 
Clause. Who shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support the National Consti- 
tution ? What is said concerning religious tests ? 

Article VII. What does this article declare ? Where, and by whose consent, 
and when was the National Constitution formed ? Who were the witnesses to it ? 

Amendments. When and where were amendments to the Constitution offered to 
the Congress ? What did the Congress do ? How many amendments were ratified ? 
What others were proposed, and when were they ratified ? What can you tell about 
a thirteenth amendment ? 

Article I. Recite the first amendment to the Constitution. What subjects are 
the Congress prohibited from making laws upon ? 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. .373 



Militia. Search Warrants. Trial by Jury. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of Soldiers, 

war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTI CLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, 
against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 

violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable Search-warrants, 
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly 
describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, 
unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, ex- 
cept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Capital crimes, 
militia, when in actual service in the time of war and pub- 
lic danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in 
jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process 
of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compen- 
sation. 

ARTI CLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis- Trial by jury, 
trict shall have been previously ascertained by law. and to 

be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the 
witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 
his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall Suits at common 
be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise law. 

re-examined in any court of the United Stales, than ac- 
cording to the rules of common law. 



Questions.— Article II. Recite this article. What is declared concerning the 
militia, and rights of the people? 

Article III. Recite this article. 

Article IV. Recite this article. What right are the people to be secure in? 
What is declared concerning warrants ? 

Article V. What is declared concerning the holding of persons to answer for 
alleged offences ? What is said about a second trial for the same offence V In what 
case shall a person not be compelled to testify in court ? What guarantee of protec- 
tion is promised ? When only can private property be taken for the public use ? 

Article VI. What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy? What risrht as 
to the witnesses that may appear against him f What method is secured to him for 
obtaining witnesses in his favor, and the obtaining of counsel ? 

Article VII. In what civil cases shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? 
In what way shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made ? 



374 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 



Suits at Common Law. Hail. Judicial power limited. 



Eail. 



ARTICLE VI I I. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 



Certain rights de- 
fined. 



ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained 
by the people. 



Rights reserved. 



ART ICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re- 
served to the States respectively, or to the people. 



ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be 
Judicial power construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, corn- 
limited, menced or prosecuted against one of the United States 
by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of 
any foreign State. 

ARTI CLE XII. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President 
and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall 
name in their ballots the person voted for as President, 
and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice- 
President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons 
voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- 
President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and cer- 
tify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed 
to the President of the Senate ;— the President of the Senate shall, in the presence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes 
shall then be counted ;— the person having the greatest number of votes for Pres- 
ident, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons 
having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as 
President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the 
President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the 
representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall 
consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all 



Amendment respect- 
ing the election 
of President and 
Vic e-President. 



Questions.— Article VITT. What, does this article declare? 

Article IX. What does this article declare? 

Article X. What does this article declare? 

Article XI. What does this article declare? 

Article XII. What does this article declare? In what connection have we 
considered the Twelfth Article of the Constitution, which relates to the election 
of President and Vice-President of the United States ? 



THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 375 

Election of President and Vice- President. 

the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall 
not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before 
the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as Pres- 
ident, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. 
The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice- 
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, 
and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, 
the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist 
of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number 
shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office 
of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

SECTION I. 
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been Slavery prohibited. 
duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, 
or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

SECTION II. 
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

SECTION I. 

All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdic- 
tion thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the 

State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce Citizens and their 
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of rights, 

citizens of the United States; nor shall any State de- 
prive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to 
any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

SECTION II. 

Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their 
respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding 
Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any elec- 
tion for the choice of electors for President and Vice Pres- Adjustment of re- 
ideut of the United States, representatives in Congress, presentation to the 
Hie executive or judicial officers of a State, or the members elective franchise, 
of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- 
habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United 
States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, 
the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the 
number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
one years of age in such State. 

SECTION m. 

No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of Pres- 
ident and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United 

Article XIII. What does this article declare? 
Article XIV. What does this article declare ? 



376 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 



Disabling Conditions. Treatment of l J ublic Debts. 

Slates, or under any State, who, having previously taken 
Disabling con- an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the 
ditions. United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, 

or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to sup- 
port the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

SECTION IY. 
The validity of the public debt of the United Stales, authorized by law, in- 
cluding debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- 
pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
Treatment of pnb- But neither the United States nor any State shall assume 
lie debts. or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrec- 

tion or rebellion against the United States, or any claim 
for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims 
shall be held illegal and void. 

SECTION V. 
Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions 
of this article. 

ARTICLE XV. 
SECTION I. 
The right of the citizens of the United Slates shall not be denied or abridged 
by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous con- 
dition of servitude. 

section n. 

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 



OUR NATIONAL PROGRESS. 

No nation ever showed suck marvellous growtti as ours has 
done, since it was established under a national constitution, in 1790. In 
expansion of area, increase in population, development of 
resources of every kind, growth of its manufactures, com- 
merce, arts, science and literature, and in moral and politi- 
cal influence among the family of nations, its progress has been most 
remarkable. 

Xew States added to the original thirteen, have become members of 
the Union by a simple process. After a wild region has acquired a 
certain number of permanent inhabitants, it is organized into a Terri- 
tory. When the population reaches another prescribed number, it may 
be admitted into the Union as a State, by an act of Congress, with a 
State constitution for its local government. The following table shows 
the date of settlement of each State in the Union, by whom settled, 
and the date of admission of each. 



Questions.— Article XV. What does this article declare ? 



OUR NATIONAL PROGRESS. 



377 



Order. 


Name. 


Date of 
Settle- 
ment. 


Where first 
Settled. 


By whom 
Settled. 


Date of 

admis- 
sion. 


I 


Virginia 


1607 


Jamestown .. . 


English 




2 


New York 


1614 


New York . . . 


Dutch 






Massachusetts. . 


1620 


Plymouth 


English 




4 


New Hampshire 


1623 


Little Harbor. 


4; 




5 


Connecticut .... 


1633 


Windsor 


" 




6 


Maryland 


1634 


St. Mary's 


" 




7 


Rhode Island . . 


1636 


Providence.. . 


" 




8 


Delaware 


1638 


Wilmington. . 


Swedes 




9 


North Carolina. 


1650 


Chowan River 


English 




IO 


New Jersey. . . . 


1664 


Elizabeth 


" 




ii 


South Carolina. 


1670 


Ashley River. 


" 




12 


Pennsylvania. . . 


1682 


Philadelphia . 


" 




13 
14 




1733 
1724 


Savannah .... 


" 




Vermont 


Fort Dummer. 


" 


179I 


15 


Kentucky 


1775 


Boonesboro'.. 


" 


1792 


16 


Tennessee 


1757 


Fort Loudon . 


" 


1796 


17 
18 


Ohio 


1788 
1699 


Marietta 

Iberville 


w 

French,. .... 


I802 


Louisiana 


I8I2 


19 

20 




1730 
1716 


Vincennes. . . . 


" 


I8l6 


Mississippi 


Natchez 


«* 


1817 


21 


Illinois 


1720 


Kaskaskia . . . 


" 


I8l8 


22 


Alabama 


I7II 


Mobile 


" 


1819 


23 


Maine 


1625 


Bristol 


t< 


1820 


24 


Missouri 


1764 


St. Louis 


" 


1821 


25 


Arkansas 


1685 


Arkansas Post 


(4 


1836 


26 


Michigan 


1670 


Detroit 


" 


1837 


27 


Florida 


I5D5 


St. Augustine. 


Spanish 


1845 


28 


Texas 


1692 


San Antonio.. 


" 


1845 


29 

30 




1833 
1669 


Burlington. . . 


English 


1846 


Wisconsin 


Green Bav. . . 


French 


1848 


31 


California 


1769 


San Diego . . . 


Spanish 


1850 


32 


Minnesota 


1846 


St. Paul 


Americans.. 


1858 


33 


Oregon 


l8ll 


Astoria 


" 


1859 


34 
35 
36 








" 


1861 


West Virginia. . 
Nevada 






English 

Americans.. 


1863 






1864 


37 


Nebraska 






» 


1867 


38 


Colorado 






" 


1875 



Questions. —Name the original thirteen States in the order of their settlement. 

When was Virginia first settled ? Where ? By whom ? When was New York 
first settled ? Where ? By whom ? Ask the same questions about all of the thirty- 
eight States. 

When was the first State admitted, into the Union formed by the original thirteen 
States ? What State was it ? 

Gi- e the names of the other States in the order of their admission. When was 
Vermont admitted ? When Kentucky ? Ask the same questions about all the other 
States. How many States are there now in the Union ? 



878 



OUR XATIOXAL PROGRESS. 



The following Table shows the national progress in population. 2'?te 
Census, or enumeration of the inhabitants, is taken every ten years. 



Census. 


Date of 


Number of 


Population of 
the States. 


Population of 


Total 


Census. 


States. 


the Tritoerries. 


Population. 


i 


1790 


13 


3,894,136 


35,^9! 


3,929,827 


2 


1800 


16 


5,231,992 


73,949 


5,305,941 


3 


1810 


17 


7,036,474 


203,340 


7,239,814 


4 


1820 


23 


9,5*5,397 


122,794 


9,638,191 


5 


1830 


It 


12.729,429 


I30159 1 


12,866,020 


6 


1840 


16,897,207 


172,246 


17,069,453 


7 


1850 


31 


23,047,891 


i43,9 8 5 


23,191,876 


8 


i860 


33 


31,040,842 


402,479 


31,443,321 


9 


1870 


37 


38,113,253 


442,730 


38,555,983 



Questions.— When was the first Census of the United States taken? How often 
is the Census taken ? How many States were there in the Union when the first Cen- 
sus was taken ? How many States were admitted before the next Census ? Before 
the next ? What was the population of the United States when the first Census was 
taken in 1790? * In 1800? In 1810? And so on. What was the increase in popula- 
tion from 1790 to 1800? From 1800 to 1810 ? From 1810 to 1820 ? 

TABLE OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 





1 


Resi- 
dence 
when 
elected. 






When 




No. 


Presidents. 


Born. 


Died. 


inaugu- 
rated. 


Vice-Presidents. 


1 


George Washington. 


Va 


1732 


1799 


1789 


John Adams. 








1735 
1743 


1826 


1797 

1801 i 


3 


Thomas Jefferson . . . 


Va 


1826 


Aaron Burr. 
George Clinton. 


4 


James Madison 


Va 


i75i 


1836 


1809 -1 


George Clinton. 
Elbridge Gerry. 


5 


James Monroe 


Va 


1758 


1831 


1817 


Daniel D. Tompkins. 


6 


John Ouincy Adams. 


Mass . . 


1767 


1848 


1825 


John C. Calhoun. 


7 


Andrew Jackson .... 


Tenn.. 


1767 


1845 


1829 -j 


John C. Calhoun. 
Martin Van Buren. 


8 


Martin Van Buren . . 


N. Y.. 


1782 


1862 


1837 


Richard M. Johnson. 


9 


W. H. Harrison 


Ohio . . 


1773 


1841 


1841 


John Tyler. 


10 


John Tyler 

James K. Polk 


Va 


1790 


1862 


1841 




11 


Tenn.. 


1795 


1849 


1845 


George M. Dallas. 


12 


Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 


La 


1784 


1850 


1849 


Millard Fillmore. 


I 3 


N. Y.. 


1800 


1874 


1850 




x 4 


Franklin Pierce 


N. H.. 


1804 


1869 


1853 


Wm. R. King. 


15 


James Buchanan 


Penn.. 


1791 


1868 


1857 


J. C. Breckinridge: 


16 


Abraham Lincoln... 


in. ... 


1809 


1865 


1861 -j 


Hannibal Hamlin. 
Andrew Johnson. 


J 7 


Andrew Johnson 


Tenn.. 


1808 




1865 




18 


Ulysses S. Grant .. 


Ill 


1822 




1869] 


Schuyler Colfax. 
Henry Wilson. 



Ouestions.— Name in their order the Presidents of the United States. Name those 
who served two terms, or eight years. Name those who served but one term, or four 
years. Name those who died before their term of office expired. 

* It probably will not be best to require the scholar to give the exact population 
at each of these dates. " The population in 1790 was nearly four million, would be a 
sufficient answer, and would fix an important fact in the mind. To say that the 
increase of population for the first ten years was about 1,300,000 would be a good 
answer, and thus fixing these figures approximately in the mind will give some idea 
as to our wonderful growth as a nation. The increase in population may be stated 
at about thirty-three per cent, every ten years. 



BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 



Among the multitude of persons mentioned in this work, who bore 
a part in the discovery, settlement, planting of the colonies, or assisted in 
laying the foundations of our Republic, a few appear conspicuous be- 
cause of their more palpable achievements. From these I have selected 
the following as subjects for brief biographical notices,, and placed 
their names in alphabetical order for convenient reference. Students 
are recommended to read more extended histories of their lives in other 
books. These notes indicate only the most conspicuous services of each. 

Adams, John. Born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1735; was a lawyer 
by profession ; was an early and earnest champion of the rights 
of the people ; a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; a 
representative of his country at foreign courts, and second Pres- 
ident of the Republic. Died at Quincy in 1826. 

Adams, Samuel. Born in Boston in 1722. A powerful advocate of 
the rights of the people. A legislator without blemish ; firm 
in resisting British oppression ; a signer of the Declaration of 
Independence : a member of the convention which adopted the 
National Constitution, and Lieutenant-Governor of Massachu- 
setts. Died in Boston in 1803. 

Baltimore, Lord, Cecil Calvert, son and heir of George Lord Balti- 
more. Sent a colony to settle Maryland, and became the founder 
of that commonwealth. Born in England about 1613, and died 
there in 1676. He never came to America. 

Bradford, William. Born in Yorkshire. England, in 1588. Came to 
America in the May-Flower, and became the second governor of 
Plymouth. He ruled wisely and well. Died in 1657. 

Cabot, Sebastian. Born at Bristol, England, about 1472. Son of an 
Italian merchant and navigator ; he made a voyage westward, 
and discovered North America at about the time Columbus dis- 
covered South America. Died in 1557. 

Cartier, Jacques. Born at St. Malo, France, in 1494. An eminent 
navigator ; he was sent out by the king of France to the coasts 



380 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 

of North America. He discovered the Gulf and River St. Law- 
rence, and named tliem. He ascended the St. Lawrence to 
Montreal. Died about the year 1555. 

Coligni, Gaspard de. Born in 1517. Admiral of France, and a leader 
of the French Protestants. He attempted to form a colony of 
these people in Florida. They were murdered or driven away. 
He was killed in Paris on St. Bartholomew's Eve, 1572. 

Columbus, Christopher. Born at Genoa about 1435. A navigator of 
great skill and engaged in scientific research, he came to the con- 
clusion that the earth was a sphere, and that India, then difficult 
to reach by merchants of western Europe, might be found by 
sailing westward. Whilst seeking a westward passage to that 
country, he discovered America. Died at Valladolid, Spain, in 
1506. 

De Soto, Fernando. Born in Estramadura, Spain, about 1500. An 
adventurer, who accompanied Pizarro in the conquest of Peru. 
Attempted the conquest of Florida, and failed ; but he was the 
first European discoverer of the Mississippi River. Died in 1542. 

Elizabeth, Queen. Born in the palace at Greenwich, in 1533. Daugh- 
ter of Henry the 8th and Anne Boleyn. Ruled England with 
vigor for forty -five years. Encouraged efforts to make settle- 
ments in America. An unmarried sovereign. Died in 1G03. 

Franklin, Benjamin. Born in Boston in 1706. By trade a printer. 
Became a philosopher and statesman, legislator and foreign em- 
bassador. Was one of the foremost men in civil life, in the War 
of the Revolution, and was a signer of the Declaration of In- 
dependence. Helped negotiate the treaty for peace and inde- 
pendence. Died in Philadelphia in 1790. 

George, King. The Third George was born in London in 1738. He 
ascended the English throne in 1760. It was from his rule that 
the Americans declared themselves to be independent ; and 
against him the charges in the Declaration of Independence 
were made. He reigned fifty years. Died at Windsor Castle 
in 1820. 

Greene, Nathaniel. Born in Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1742. A 
member of the Society of Friends. Became one of the foremost 
of the major generals of the Revolution. President of the court 
that tried and condemned Major Andre. Died in Georgia in 
1786. 



BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 381 

Hamilton, Alexander. Born on the island of Nevis in 1757. Eminent 
for oratory and logic. A good soldier and acute statesman. 
First Secretary of the Treasury of the Republic and chief author 
of our Financial system. Killed in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. 

Henry, Patrick. Born in Hanover Co., Virginia, in 1736. He was an 
idle youth, but finally became a lawyer, when it was discovered 
that he possessed great powers of oratory. He was one of the 
most powerful of the patriots who stirred the Americans to 
rebel against Great Britain. Was governor of Virginia. Died 
in 1799. 

Hudson, Henry. Born late in the sixteenth century in England, and 
was a skillful navigator. Employed by the Dutch to find a 
sea passage around northern Europe ; he failed, turned west- 
ward, and discovered the river now known by his name, in the 
State of New York. He sailed to the head of its tide- water. 
Set adrift in an open boat in the great bay that bears his name, 
he was never heard of afterwards. 

Isabella, Queen. Born in Madrigal in 1451. Monarch of Castile and 
Leon. She assisted Columbus in fitting out his expedition for 
seeking India by sailing westward, and shares with him the 
honor of discovering America. Died in 1504. 

James, King. The first King James of England was a son of Mary 
Queen of Scots. The first English settlements in America were 
made during his reign of more than twenty years. Our trans- 
lation of the Bible was made in his reign. Born in Scotland in 
1566. Died in London in 1625. 

Jefferson, Thomas. Born at Shadwell, Va., in 1743. Was a lawyer 
by profession. Served in the Virginia legislature. Wrote the 
Declaration of Independence ; was American Minister at the 
French court, and third President of the Republic. He was a 
keen politician, an able statesman, versed in the sciences, and 
an elegant writer. Died at Monticello in 1826. 

Jones, John Paul. Born in Scotland in 1747. Was a mariner, and 
settled in Virginia. Appointed commander in the Continental 
Navy, he performed the most signal service on the ocean for the 
patriots. Afterward in the service of Russia. Died in Paris 
in 1792, when the National Assembly decreed him a publicf uneral. 

Lafayette, Marquis de. Born in Auvergne, France, in 1757. Es- 
poused the cause of the American patriots, and joined them in 
their war for independence. He was the most useful foreign 



383 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 

friend the Americans had, and was always revered by them. A 
leader in the beginning of the French revolution. Died in Paris 
in 1834. 

Liesler, Jacob. Born in Frankfort, Germany. A merchant in New 
York. Led a democratic party there in opposition to the aris- 
tocracy, and was hanged in 1691, by virtue of a death-warrant 
issued by a drunken governor. 

Morris, Robert. Born in Liverpool, England, in 1733. Was a mer- 
chant in Philadelphia, a signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, and leading financier during the Revolution. His personal 
credit sustained that of the country at one time. Died in Phila- 
delphia in 1806. 

Oglethorpe, James Edward. Born in London in 1698. A soldier 
and philanthropist. He founded the colony of Georgia, by pro- 
curing the release of debtors from prisons, and sending them to 
settle in America. Died in London in 1785. 

Penn, William. Born in London in 1644. Became a leading "Friend" 
or " Quaker," and the founder of Pennsylvania. He was the 
first of the English proprietors who treated the Indians justly. 
Laid out the city of Philadelphia. Died at Rushcourt, England, 
in 1718. 

Pitt, William. Born at Westminster, England, in 1708. Eminent for 
oratory and statesmanship, he was called the " Great Commoner 
of England." Created Earl of Chatham. The constant friend 
of the Americans in their struggle with the British aristocracy. 
Died at Hayes, England, in 1778. 

Pocahontas. Born about 1595. An American Indian princess. She 
saved the life of Captain Smith, and also those of the settlers at 
Jamestown. Married an Englishman named Rolfe. Died in 
England in 1617. 

Raleigh, Walter. Born in Devon, England, in 1552. Was a soldier, 
statesman and courtier. He promoted and assisted the fitting 
out of expeditions to plant colonies in America, but failed. He 
was a favorite of Queen Elizabeth, but King James caused him 
to be beheaded in 1618. 

Rochambeau, Count de. Born in Vendome, France, in 1725. A mar- 
shal of France, he led the French army in America which assisted 
in the campaign against Lord Cornwallis. He suffered during 
the French Revolution, but escaped with his life. Bonaparte 
pensioned h ; m. Died in 1807. 



BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 383 



Schuyler, Philip. Born in Albany in 1733. As commander of the 
Northern Army and Indian Commissioner, he exercised great 
influence, and did more than any other man to save the cause 
of the patriots from ruin, by restraining invasion on the 
northern frontiers. A pure patriot, wise legislator, and honest 
citizen. Died at Albany in 1804. 

Smith, John. Born in Lincolnshire, England. Chief founder of Vir- 
ginia. He had fought the Turks as a soldier before coming to 
America. He explored the coasts and made a map of New Eng- 
land. Died in London in 1631. 

Steuben, Baron de. Born in Magdeburg, Prussia, in 1730. An 
officer under Frederick the Great. Came to America in 1777, 
and became Inspector-general of the Continental Army. In that 
position he rendered important service to the cause. Died at 
Steubenville, N. Y., in 1794. 

Stuyvesant, Peter. Born in Holland in 1603. He was a good soldier, 
brave and honest. Made governor first of the Island of Curacoa, 
and then of New Netherland (New York). He ruled with vigor, 
and was the last Dutch governor of that province. Died in 
New York in 1682. 

Washington, George. Born in Westmoreland, Virginia, in 1732 
Learning the military art in the Colonial service during their 
wars with the Indians, he became commander-in-chief of the 
Continental Army, and won the independence of the United 
States. First President of the Republic Died at Mount Vernon 
in 1799. 

William, King. Born at the Hague, Holland, in 1650. With a fleet and 
army he entered England by invitation of the people there, and 
became their sovereign jointly with Mary his wife. His reign 
had much influence on the destinies of America. Died at Ken- 
sington in 1702. 

Williams, Roger. Born in Wales in 1599. A Puritan clergyman. 
Settled at Salem, in Massachusetts. Banished from that colony, 
he founded Rhode Island, and was the first to ordain absolute 
religious freedom in America. Died at Providence in 1683. 

Winthrop, John. Born in Suffolk, England. Bred a lawyer, he was 
one of the most useful of the colonists who settled Massachu- 
setts. Governor of that colony, he ruled with prudence. Died 
in Boston in 1649. 



384 FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. 



FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. 

In the following tables are noted some of the more important events 
in our history, arranged according to the different periods into which 
that history naturally divides. These are facts which the pupil should 
especially endeavor to retain in memory. 

^ Columbus discovers American Inlands 1492 > g 1? g «! "^ 

S3 . Columbus discovers South America (. 14QS ! % * ! ^ <e * 

d S Sebastian Cibot discovers North America j" 1498 e|.e$|."|-£ 

£ g Americus Vespuccius discovers South America 1499 H^s g-x ** § § 

u > Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida 1512 *^"| s g |T § | 

> © Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean 1513 "£ S, S P S §Vs 

§2 Cartier discovers Canada 1534 .5 ^ &>»,». ^ | 

.2 De Soto discovers the Mississippi River 1541 ^ g § ^^S 

A Hudson discovers New York Bay and the Hudson River. . 1609 rj fc §£ § Is -S 

English emigrants land in Virginia 1607 • j> •« . 

English Puritans settle on the coast of Massachusetts 1620 1 1 "^ f$ 

£ French Protestants from Holland settle in New Netherland « "§-« 

S (New York) 1623 1 1|| 

(8 < English emigrants settle in New Hampshire 1629 Sg * | 

TS ™ Puritans from Massachusetts settle in Connecticut 1633 §-^ §~| 

5 S Roman Catholics and Protestants settle in Maryland 1634 | .g | £ 

m g Rhode Island settled 1636 ■S'e'gll 

g Swedes settle in Delaware 1638 g § #1 

3 English from Long Island settle in New Jersey 1664 "| a s | 

"5 The Carolinas settled by the English 1650, 1670 ^ '■§ 1, 1 

W Penn founds Philadelphia and treats with the Indians 1682 g |^ ^ 

Georgia settled by the English. 1733 °° "-^ 

Representative government established in Virginia 1619 g,^ 

Virginia made a royal province 1624 •§ ""* * 

Charter of Massachusetts transferred to the colony 1629 ^1 1 

First legislature of Maryland assemble » §*3 

Roger Williams banished from Rhode Island j 1 °** s I ^ 

War with the Pequods 1637 ® «•§ 

New England Confederacy formed 1643 !§fs § 

„5 Charter for Rhode Island given 1644 <£.;§■£ 

.2 Silver money first coined in the United States 1652 •** .g 

§ Charter for Connecticut given 1662 | £.5 

'o Representative assembly in New Netherland (New York) 1663 §> § -2 . 

O Surrender of New Netherland (New York) to the English 1664 •§> w | 

«j King Philip's war 1675 ^J 

H First legislative assembly in New Jersey 1G81 € ts "§ 

First legislative assembly in Pennsylvania 1682 JS,^^ 

Attempt to seize the Connecticut charter 1686 •?"* 3 

King William's war 1689 J | <H, 

Queen Anne's war 1702 e i ©> 

King George's War 1744 'g^Ss 

French and Indian War 1755 4§ & § 

Canada conquered by the English 1760 •§ ^, 



FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. 385 

Stamp Act passed by the British parliament I V2ts 

Stamp Act Congress meets in New York ( 1765 g e£ 

Tax-gatherers and troops sent to Boston 1768 ;•§ "g ^ 

The " Boston Massacre " 1770 1 1 1 

A British cruiser burned in Narraganset Bay i ^ S\g § 

Cargoes of tea destroyed in Boston harbor J- 17*3 •«'|j^ 

aw 



j-1773 

Port of Boston closed to commerce i , 

First Continental Congress assembles at Philadelphia f 17<4 "^.g w 



Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord \ ^^S 

Capture of Ticonderoga I 5™^, 

Battle of Bunker Hill V 1775 1|| 

Washington appointed Commander-in-chief ( s 1 1 ^ 

^ Canada invaded by the Republican troops ) § ^ s 

.9 British troops driven from Boston ■» ^ £ 1 

2 Declaration of Independence / 1^1 

o New York taken by the British f m6 c ~ | 

% Washington made Dictator for six months J ^ ^^ 

P$ The British plan measures for dividing the colonies \ s §1 

a Lafayette joins the Americans v 1777 §>"§ 

& Surrender of Burgoyne and his army to the Americans ) ^J ©22 

Treaty of alliance between the U.S. and France 1778 § ^ ^ § 

War chiefly in the Southern States i n ^S'l** 

Exploits of Paul Jones on the ocean ) 1 *' 9 g^.g*^ 

The British overrun the Carolinas \ *.§ I § 

Treason of General Arnold V 1780 .| j ^.g 

Capture and execution of Major Andre ) ^Igl 

Surrender of Cornwallis and his army i ^8^"^ 

A national league formed j -1^ |-« 

Preliminary treaty of peace signed 1782 |^'|^ 

British troops leave the country > ^o t^ 

Washington resigns his commission , j ' ^ 1 -| »« 

National Constitution framed ■. 1787 ,g ^.| 

A National Government established » §.•§ 

Washington inaugurated first President of the U. S \ % s-^ 

National Bank established 1791 ^-S^ 

National Mint established 1792 .| |T 

A Navy authorized 1794 1 1 1 

Treaty with Great Britain negotiated by John Jay. 1795 ^ ^ 

Washington retires from the Presidency 1797 ^ £ § 

ri Washington dies ■ 1799 |-g « 

o City of Washington made the seat of the National Government 1800 ~ a, | 

ta Louisiana purchased from France ) §11 

fc War with the Barbary States l 18Ud vj* | 

<d First navigation by steam ) ^ | ^ 

^ First Embargo Act passed by Congress f i I -» 

Fight between an American and British vessel i S % § 

War with Indians in the northwest ) ^ j> - 

The United States declare war against Great Britain I kmo c^^ 

Americans invade Canada j 1812 S|% 

Americans victorious on Lake Erie 1813 g|^ 

Americans victorious on Lake Champlain 1 ll^'S 

Washington City captured and burnt by the British > 1814 ft* «,;| 

Treaty of peace signed at Ghent ) *s a, 



386 FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. 



r Battle of New Orleans > §«"§« 

War with Algiers f 1815 ^S || 

Lafayette visits the U. S. as tbe nation's guest 1821 "%s § v ~ 

Erie canal completed '. 1825 §;?.^"~ 

*/ Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson on the same day. .1826 cq .1^ 

g Trouble with South Carolinians settled by compromise i -^ g <b "s 

.§ Government funds withdrawn from U. S. Banks j 1 °** VS ~ k 

§ War with Indians in Florida 1835 lp| « |« 

Y Electro-magnetic telegraph established 1814 s|j |"^ 

a Texas annexed to the United States 1845 «]§ *.■§ 

.2 War with Mexico 1846 §<S^>s 

d Battle of Buena Vista i §©?s I 

& Scott's battles and triumphant march to Mexico J- 1847 ^ ^.g^ 

® Treaty of peace with Mexico i *^§ S 

S Gold found in California f 1848 Vg.§ | 

Fugitive Slave law passed 1850 ea,^ . 

Civil war in Kansas 1855 ^ s| | 

John Brown's raid into Virginia 1859 g-'~ ^-S S> 

Abraham Lincoln elected President 1860 <£.Ji g •§ 

South Carolinians pass an ordinance of secession 1860 ^ ^ 

South Carolinians fire on the Star of the West S § 

Other slave-labor States pass ordinances of secession \ §32 

Coufederate States Government formed 1 ^|s 

Lincoln inaugurated President I 52 

Fort Sumter attacked and evacuated f %'Z 

The President calls for 75,000 volunteers V <Qfi< "^ 

. National troops invade \ lrgmia. ( « J 5 

3 Richmond made the Confederate Capital V fj g 

si Nationals defeated at Bull Run I go 

p) Congress makes provision of men and money for war / -| § 

g* Confederate ambassadors taken from a British ship ' 'S,^ 

3 Roanoke Island and Fort Donelson captured by the Nationals > «^e 

o The Confederate "ram" Merrimack destroys National war-\ 

m vessels 

•"h The Merrimack defeated by the Monitor 

^ Nationals victorious at Shiloh / fe| 

o3 New Orleans captured by Nationals V ^> 

u Seven days battles near Richmond J ^g 

►> Confederates defeated at Antietam / -S ^ 

^ The President proclaims the freedom of the slaves v *| >§ 

'£ Charleston besieged \ ,g"S 

'£ Confederate victory at Chancellorsville I go 

o) West Virginia admitted into the Union \ 1863 ^ 

j5 Nationals victorious at Gettysburgh / |S g* 

Vicksburg surrendered to the Nationals \ s V| 

Draft riots in New York I ^g 

Confederate ports thoroughly blockaded / ^ S.g 

General Grant placed in chief command — 1 ^^ 

The great National armies ordered to move simultaneously — I i$^S 

Army of the Potomac moves on Richmond >■ 1864 ^ | gj> 

Sherman penetrates Georgia to Atlanta \ ^J§ 

The Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge / .§ "38 



war-\ 



FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. 38' 



Petersburg besieged \ ©"l 

Atlanta surrendered to tbe Nationals / |^s 

Sherman marches to the sea I jgg^ '-g -S 

Confederates invade Tennessee 

'•S Nationals victorious at Nashville 

| National land and naval forces attack Fort Fisher 

1 National troops capture Columbia, S. C 

<u Charleston occupied by colored troops 

fl Sherman marches through the Carolinas 

2 Lee surrenders the Confederate army to Grant / 

g* Jefferson Davis and associates flee from Richmond ( | *• 

President Lincoln assassinated. ) 1865 ^ e 

General Johnson surrenders his' army ( .'§ o 



■S^ 



a 
o 

National forces capture Mobile V ^ e 

S Last conflict of the civil war occurs in Texas I ^-s 

73 Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, forbidding slavery,/ «^§ 

§ adopted 

p Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing civil rights to the freed- 

•^ men adopted 

^ Atlantic Telegraph cable permanently laid ) 

tJ Alaska purchased from Russia 1P67 §•§ 

•ji President Johnson impeached and acquitted 1808 w § 

Fifteenth Amendment, guaranteeing the right of suffrage to the 

.a freedmen, adopted 1870 

^ Treaty with England concerning the depredations of Eng'ish-Con- ^ ^ ^ 

federate cruisers 1871 ^ § 5 

The dispute with England settled by arbitration 1872 ^ •§ 



S-i-o 



«i88 



388 TOPICAL REVIEW. 



TOPICAL REVIEW. 



PAGE 

1. Give an account of the extent of our country and its govern- 

ment 7 

2. Tell about the visits of Northmen 8 

3. Map. — Give the relative positions of Great Britain, Norway, 

Iceland, Greenland, Labrador, and New England 9 

4. Give an account of the discovery of America by Columbus 9 

5. Map. — In what direction are the Canary Islands from Spain ; 

Madeira from the Canaries ; the Bermudas from Cuba 

and Florida ? 12 

6. Give an account of the American Indians 15 

7. What have you to say about Americus Vespuccius and the 

name of America ? 21 

8. Give an account of the discovery of Florida and the Pacific 

Ocean 23 

9. What can you tell about the Spaniards in Mexico ? 23 

10. What did the conquest of Mexico lead to ? 25 

11. What can you tell about Spaniards in South Carolina and 

Florida ? 25 

12. Tell about De Soto's expedition 25 

13. Map. — Trace the march of De Soto from Tampa Bay to the 

Mississippi and beyond ; the place of his death, and fur- 
ther march of his followers, 24 

14. Tell about the Cabots and the voyages of Sebastian 28 

15. Tell about the voyages of Verazzani 29 

16. What have you to say about Cartier and his voyages ? 30 

17. Tell about Coligni and the Huguenots in America 31 

18. Tell about the voyage of Drake 33 

19. What have you to say about Raleigh and expedi tions to America? 33 

20. Map.* — Draw an outline of the map showing the relative sit- 

uation of Roanoke Island 34 

* This and the smaller maps may not only he nsed for references, hut any pnpil or 
pupils in a class, may make an outliDe on the hlackhoard or on paper. Such an ex- 
ercise, even though very rudely performed, will greatly assist the memory. 



TOPICAL REVIEW. 389 



PAGE 

21. Give an account of the voyages of Gosnold, Pring and Wey- 

mouth 87 

22. Ulap. — Draw this map, and show Gosnold's track 36 

23. Tell about the voyages and discoveries of Champlain 87 

24. Give an account of Hudson's voyages and discoveries 88 

25. Colored Map. — Give the names of Discoverers found on 

this map. Between what degrees of latitude were these 
discoveries made? Give the positions of the Indian na- 
tions in relation to each other 88 



SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 

1. Map. — Make an outline of this map 41 

2. How was Virginia divided ? 42 

3. Tell about English emigrants and emigration to Virginia 43 

4. What can you tell about the settlement of Jamestown ? 43 

5. What can you tell about Captain Smith and his doings?. ..... 44 

6. What have you to say about new emigrants to Virginia ? 45 

7. Give an account of Lord Delaware and the voyage of Com- 

missioners 47 

8. Tell about the starving time 49 

9. Tell about the abandoning of Jamestown, and the occurrence 

of happy events 49 

10. Give an account of the founding and settlement of New Nether- 

land 51 

11. Tell about Capt. Smith's explorations of New England 53 

12. What have you to say about the Puritans ? 53 

13. Give an account of the Puritans in Holland and their emigra- 

tion to America 53 

14. What have you to say about their government and sufferings. . 55 

15. Map. — Make an outline map of Cape Cod Bay in which, the 

Mayflower anchored, and its surroundings 58 

16. What have you to say about the settlement of New Hampshire. 57 

17. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland 60 

18. Give an account of settlements in Connecticut 62 

19. Tell about war with the Pequods 63 

20. Map. — Make an outline map of the scene of the Pequod 

War 64 

21. Tell about the founding of New Haven 65 

22. Give an account of Roger Williams and the founding of Rhode 

Island 65 

23. Give an account of settlements on the Delaware 67 

24. Tell about settlements in and founding of New Jersey. 68 



390 TOPICAL REVIEW 



PAGE 

25. Give an account of the founding of Pennsylvania 69 

28. Give an account of settlements in the Carolinas 71 

27. IVIap. — Make an outline map of places first settled in South 

Carolina 72 

28. Give an account of settlements in Georgia 73 

THE COLONIES. 

1. In what order do we consider the history of the Colonies? 77 

2. What have you to say about women and slaves in Virginia ? . . 78 

3. Tell about a massacre by Indians in Virginia 78 

4. What can you tell about a change in government in Virginia ? . 79 

5. Give an account of a civil war in Virginia 80 

6. Tell about the settlement at Plymouth and the Indians 81 

7. What have you to say about new settlers at Plymouth? 82 

8. What can you tell about a change in government there? 82 

9. Give an account of the founding of the colony of Massachusetts 

Bay 83 

10. Give an account of the government in Massachusetts, and the 

effects of persecutions there 84 

11. Give an account of the New England Confederacy 84 

12. What can you tell about commerce and coinage in Massachu- 

setts ? 85 

13. Tell about " Friends " or " Quakers " in Massachusetts 86 

14. Give an account of King Philip's war 87 

15. .Tfap. — Make an outline map of the chief theatre of King 

Philip's war 88 

16. Give an account of King William's war 91 

17. What have you to say about a change in government in Mas- 

sachusetts ? 91 

18. What can you tell about witchcraft in Massachusetts ? 92 

19. Give an account of Queen Anne's war ? 92 

20. Give an account of King George's war 94 

21 Tell about settlements in New Netherland 96 

22. What have you to say about Governors Van Twiller and Keift ? 97 

23. What trouble did Keift create, and how? 98 

24. What have you to say about Peter Stuy vesant ? 98 

25. Give an account of trouble between the Dutch and Swedes 99 

26. Tell about a Representative Assembly 99 

27. Give an account of the surrender of New Netherland to the 

English, and the retaking and resurrender by the Dutch. 100 

28. Give an account of republican movements in New York 101 

29. What have you to say about the liberty of the press? 102 



TOPICAL REVIEW. 391 



PAGE 

30. Give an account of government in Maryland 113 

31 What have you to say about civil war and toleration in Mary- 
land? 104 

32. Tell about a second civil war in Maryland 105 

33. Give an account of the Connecticut colonies and a charter 107 

34 Tell about an attempt to take away the charter. . 10'.) 

35. Tell about Governor Fletcher at Hartford 110 

36. What can you tell about the charter of Rhode Island ? Ill 

37. What have you to say about discontents in New Jersey ? 113 

38. Tell about a division of New Jersey Ill 

39. Give an account of government in the Jerseys 114 

40. What have you to say about Penn and Pennsylvania ? 115 

41. How was Penn treated ? and what was done ? 113 

42. What can you tell about a form of government for the Caro- 

linas ? 117 

43. What did the people do? 117 

44. Tell about settlements in North Carolina 118 

45. Tell about a massacre by Indians 119 

46. What troubles had South Carolinians ? 119 

47. What can you tell about an invasion 120 

48. Tell about an Indian confederacy 120 

49. What have you to say about discontents in the Carolinas, and 

the result , 121 

50. What have you to say about settlers in Georgia? 122 

51. Give an account of troubles between Spaniards and Georgians. . 123 

52. Tell about a war between them 123 

53. Map. — Make an outline map of the coast of Florida, and mark 

the historic points 124 

54. What have you to say about the nationalities of the colonists?. 126 

55. What have you to say of the character of the people ? 127 

58. What about their pursuits ? 128 

57. What have you to say about education and books ? 128 

58. Map. — Make an outline of the map. Name places in the 

different States mentioned in the text in connection with 
the French and Indian War 130 

59. What have you to say about the French, and the Ohio Company? 131 

60. Tell about the mission of young Washington 131 

61. Give an account of hostilities between the French and English 

in the region of the Ohio River 132 

62. Give an account of a Convention at Albany 132 

63. What have you to say about Braddock, and plan of a campaign ? 133 

64. Tell about an expedition in the East 133 



392 TOPICAL REVIEW. 



PAGE 

65. Give an account of Braddock's expedition 134 

G6. IVIap. — Make an outline of Braddock's expedition 134 

67. Give an account of the expeditions of Shirley and Johnson 136 

68. What have you to say about British commanders 137 

69. Tell about an expedition against Oswego 137 

70. Tell about an affair at Kittanning 138 

71. What have you to say about Lord Loudon ? 138 

72. Tell about the capture of Fort William Henry 139 

73. Give an account of the capture of Louisburg 140 

74. Tell about an expedition against Ticonderoga 140 

75. Give an account of an expedition against Fort Du Quesne 141 

76. What preparations were made for conquering Canada ? 142 

77. Give an account of Amherst's expedition on Lake Champlain. . 142 

78. Map. — Make an outline of the map 142 

70. Tell about an expedition against Niagara 143 

80. Give an account of Wolfe's expedition against Quebec 143 

81. Tell about the attempt of the French to retake Quebec 146 

82. Give an account of Amherst's movements 146 

83. Tell the story of the final conquest of Canada 146 

84. Give an account of troubles with Indians south and west 147 

85. What have you to say about a treaty ? 147 

THE STRIFE FOR FREEDOM, OR THE REVOLUTION. 

1. What were the chief causes for the strife ? 151 

2. Define immediate occasions ........ 152 

3. Give an account of the stamp-tax and its results 152 

4. Tell about Patrick Henry in the Virginia Assembly 153 

5. What causes for irritation existed ? 154 

6. Give an account of the " Boston Massacre." 155 

7. Tell about discontent elsewhere 156 

8. Give an account of a tax on tea, and a riot in Boston 158 

9. How was Boston punished ? 158 

10. What have you to say about Union and a Congress ? 159 

11. What did the Congress do ? 159 

12. How did the Americans prepare for resistance ? 161 

13. Give an account of the affair at Lexington and Concord 162 

14. What was done on Lake Champlain, and near Boston ? 163 

15. What occurred elsewhere ? 1 65 

16. What did the Congress do? 165 

17. What can you tell about expeditions into Canada? 165 

18. Tell about events in Lower Virginia 168 



TOPICAL HE VIEW. 393 



PAGE 

19. What have you to say about Continental money ? 1(J9 

20. Map. — Give the distance from Boston of places mentioned in 

the text 170 

21 . What did the British government do ? 171 

22. Tell about the British leaving Boston 173 

23. Tell about expected movements on New York 174 

24. Give an account of events near Charleston 175 

25. Tell about the Declaration of Independence 176 

26. Give an account of hostile events near New York 177 

27. Give an account of events near Harlem 178 

28. What occurred in Westchester and at Fort Washington? 178 

29. Map. — Give the names of places designated by a flag, where 

battles were fought, and the distances from Boston 179 

30. Give an account of the flight of the Americans across New 

Jersey 180 

31. Tell about the victory at Trenton, and its effects 181 

32. What have you to say about Parliament and Congress? 182 

33. Tell about a plan for a national government 183 

34. What occurred at Trenton and Princeton ? 1 83 

35. What can you tell about marauding expeditions? 184 

36. What can you tell about a plan of the British ministry ? 185 

37. Tell about movements of British troops 186 

38. Tell about Lafayette 186 

39. Give an account of a battle and its results 187 

40. What can you tell about Congress and forts on the Delaware?. 188 

41. Give an account of the invasion by Burgoyne 189 

42. Tell about St. Leger's invasion 190 

43. Give an account of an expedition up the Hudson 192 

44. Tell about the fate of Burgoyne and his army 192 

45. Map. — Make an outline of the map 193 

46. What have you to say about Valley Forge and the army 194 

47. What news came, and what did the two armies do? 195 

48. Give an account of a battle in New Jersey 195 

49. What can you tell about events in Rhode Island ? 196 

50. Give an account of forays by Indians 197 

51. What have you to say about a change in the seat of war? .... 198 

52. What can you tell about war in Georgia ? 199 

53. Tell about an invasion of South Carolina 200 

54. What can you tell about marauding parties ? 201 

55. What can you tell about victories on the Hudson ? 201 

56. Give an account of events in the west 202 

57. Tell about the chastisement of Indians 203 



394 TOPICAL REVIEW 



PAGE 

53. Give an account of the siege of Savannah 203 

59. Tell about the naval operations of the Americans 205 

GO. Tell about the movement of British troops 207 

Gl. Map. — Give the names of places designated by a flag, where 

battles occurred, and the distances from Charleston. . . . 208 

62. Give an account of the siege of Charleston 209 

63. Give an account of military events in South Carolina 210 

64. What have you to say about the patriots in the south? 212 

65. Give an account of military movements in New Jersey 213 

66. What have you to say about French troops ? 213 

67. Give an account, of the treason of Arnold 214 

68. Give an account of mutiny and patriotism 216 

69. Colored Map. — In what States did the war for Indepen- 

dence occur? Name places in each of the States where 
battles were fought. (Facing 216) 216 

70. Tell about Arnold in Virginia 218 

71. Give an account of the Southern army 218 

72. Give an account of a battle and chase 219 

73. Tell about events in North Carolina 220 

74. Map. — Make an outline of the maps 220 

75. Give an account of events near Camden 221 

76. Tell about other military events in South Carolina 221 

77. Map. — Make an outline of the maps. 221 

78. Tell about the battle of Eutaw Springs 222 

79. Give an account of Marion 223 

80. Tell about Cornwallis in Virginia 224 

81. Tell about the villanies of Arnold 224 

82. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown 225 

83. Tell about the surrender of Cornwallis and its effects 226 

84. Map. — Make an outline of the map 227 

85. Give an account of military events after the surrender of Corn- 

wallis 228 

86. Tell about negotiations for peace 229 

87. Give an account of events in the city of New York 229 

88. What have you to say about Washington ? 230 

89. What have you to say about the government? 231 

90. Tell about the National Constitution and first President 231 

THE NATION, OR UNION OF STATES. 

1. Tell about the inauguration of Washington 239 

2. Give an account of the structure of the government 240 

3. Tell about the various operations of government 241 



TOPI CA L BE VIE W. 39, 



TAGE 

4. What can you tell about a new territory 242 

5. Give an account of trouble with Indians 242 

G. Tell about political parties and their relations to the French. . . 243 

7. Give an account of the " Whiskey Insurrection." 243 

8. Give an account of a treaty, and of African sea-robber3 244 

9. What have you to say about President Washington ? 244 

10. Tell about President Adams and trouble with France 245 

11. Tell about the National Capital 247 

12. What have you to say about President Jefferson and his admin- 

istration ? 247 

13. What have you to say about Louisiana ? 248 

14. Give an account of war with the sea-robbers 248 

15. Tell about Hamilton and Burr 250 

16. Give an account of steam navigation 251 

17. What have you to say about events in Europe ? 251 

18. Tell about the conduct of the British 252 

19. What did the American government do ? 252 

20. What have you to say about an embargo ? 253 

21. W T hat have you to say .about President Madison ? 253 

22. Tell about troubles with the British 254 

23. What have you to say about British and Indians ? 255 

24. Tell about the declaration of war against Great Britain 255 

25. Map. — In this map are Northern and Middle States. Which 

are Northern, and which are Middle States ? 253 

23. What preparations for war were made ? 257 

27. Give an account of the surrender of Detroit 258 

28. Tell about events on the Niagara river 258 

29. Give an account of events on the ocean 259 

30 How were the armies disposed ? 260 

31. Give an account of events in the northwest 231 

32. Hap. — Make an outline of the map 231 

33. Tell about events at Fort Stephenson 262 

34. Give an account of a battle on Lake Erie : 263 

35. Tell about events near Detroit and in Canada 263 

36. Tell about events on the borders of Lake Ontario and the St. 

Lawrence 234 

37. What occurred at the mouth of the Niagara River ? 265 

38. What occurred at Sacketts Harbor, Stoney Creek, and on the St. 

Lawrence ? 265 

39. Give an account of a battle near the St. Lawrence 266 

40. Tell about events on the Niagara frontier 266 

41. Give an account of war with southern Indians 266 



390 TOPICAL REVIEW. 



PAGE 

42. TeD about the war on the ocean 267 

43. Tell about a British marauder 268 

44. Tell about Porter's cruise 269 

45. Give an account of events in Europe and northern New York. . 270 

46. What occurred on the Niagara frontier ? 270 

47. JTIap. — Make an outline of the map 271 

48. Give an account of battles at Plattsburgh 271 

49. Give an account of war in Maryland, and capture of Washington. 272 

50. Tell about the repulse of the British near Baltimore 273 

51. What was done on tbe New England coasts? 273 

52. Tell about events in the south 273 

53. ITIap. — Make an outline, and give general directions and dis- 

tances from New Orleans of places mentioned in the text. 274 

54. Tell about events on the ocean 275 

55. Give an account of a war with Algiers 276 

56. What have you to say about manufactures 279 

57. Tell about events in Florida 280 

58. What have you to say about the slavery question ? 281 

59. Tell about pirates. 281 

60. Tell about Lafayette 282 

61. What have you to say about J. Q. Adams' administration ? 283 

62. What about internal improvements ? .... 283 

63. Tell about the " American System." 284 

64. What have you to say about President Jackson ? 285 

65. What can you tell about troubles in Georgia ? -. 286 

6o. Tell about troubles with Indians, and in South Carolina 287 

67. Give an account of war with Indians 288 

68. Map. — Make an outline of the map 289 

69. What have you to say about business and its tioubles? 290 

70. Tell about war with the Seminoles 291 

71. What have you to say about the United States and Great 

Britain ? 291 

72. What have you to say about President Harrison ? 293 

73. What about the action of President Tyler ? 294 

74. What have you to say about Texas ? 295 

75. Tell about the telegraph 295 

76. What have you to say about President Polk ? 296 

77. What have you to say about the annexation of Texas? 296 

78. What followed in Texas? 297 

79. Tell about the beginning of war with Mexico 297 

80. Give an account of battles in Texas 298 

81. Tell about a magnificent plan of campaign 298 



TOPICAL REVIEW. 397 



PAGE 

82. Tell about the invasion of Mexico 299 

83. What was done on the coast ? 300 

84. Give an account of the movements of Gen. Taylor 300 

85. Tell about events in New Mexico and California 301 

86. Give an account of Scott's invasion of Mexico 302 

87. Tell about his victorious march 303 

88. Map. — Make an outline of the map 303 

89. Tell about battles near the city, and its capture 304 

90. What have you to say about gold in California ? 305 

91. Tell about the formation of the State of California 306 

92. What have you to say about the admission of California ? 307 

93. What have you to say about the Mormons ? 308 

94. Colored Map. — Give the names of the original thirteen 

States. Give the names of the States east of the Mis- 
sissippi River. Give the names of the States and Terri- 
tories west of the Mississippi at the close of the war with 
Mexico. (Facing page 308) 308 

95. Tell about expected troubles with Spain and Great Britain 309 

96. What have you to say about Japan ? 309 

97. Tell about a northern expedition 310 

98. What have you to say about President Pierce and explorations ? 311 

99. What about slavery, and strife in Kansas ? 312 

100. What have you to say about the " Ostend Manifesto ? " 313 

THE CIVIL WAR AND THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION. 

1. What have you to say about Buchanan and his administration? 318 

2. Tell about a revival of the agitation of the slavery question 319 

3. Give an account of movements toward civil war 320 

4. Tell about ordinances of secession 320 

5. What have you to say about a Confederate government ? 321 

6. What did the Confederates do ? 321 

7. What have you to say about President Lincoln ? 321 

8. Give an account of events at Fort Sumter 322 

9. What followed ? 322 

10. Give an account of hostile movements in Virginia 323 

11. Give an account of the doings of Congress 324 

12. Tell about military movements in Virginia, Missouri, and South 

Carolina 325 

13. Tell about the capture of embassadors, and England's temper. . 325 

14. Tell about events in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and 

Arkansas 326 

15. Give an account of the Merrimack and Monitor 327 



398 TOPICAL REVIEW. 



PAGE 

16. Tell about a general movement of troops 328 

17. Tell about tbe battle at Shiloh, Island No. 10, and Fort Pulaski. 328 

18. Give an account of operations in Mississippi and Louisiana. . . . 329 

19. Tell about movements in Kentucky 329 

20. Give an account of a general movement against Richmond 330 

21. Map. — Make a drawing of tbe map 331 

22. Tell about aggressive movements of the Confederates 332 

23. Give an account of Lee's invasion of Maryland 332 

24. What have you to say about Harper's Ferry and Antietam? . . . 333 

25. What did Burnside do ? 333 

2G. What occurred at Murfreesboro ? 333 

27. What di<* President Lincoln do ? 334 

28. Tell about a fight at Chancellorville, and invasion of Maryland. 334 

29. iTIap. — Make drawings of the maps 333 

30. Tell about events in Pennsylvania and North Carolina 336 

31. What have you to say about events at Charleston, and on the 

Mississippi ? 336 

32. What have you to say about Grant and the Mississippi ? 336 

33. What can you tell about events in Northern Georgia ? 337 

34. Tell about events in East Tennessee and Arkansas 338 

35. Tell about a raid through Ohio 338 

36. Tell about the draft and riots 338 

37. Give an account of movements in Mississippi and Louisiana 339 

38. Tell about Fort Pillow 340 

39. What have you to say about movements of the great armies ?. . 340 

40. Tell about battles in Virginia and Georgia 341 

41. What have you to say about Petersburg? 342 

42. What have you to say about events in the Shenandoah Valley 

and in Maryland ? 342 

43. JTIap.— Make drawings of the maps 343 

44. What have you to say about Farragut and Mobile ? 344 

45. What have you to say about Sheridan ? 344 

46. Tell about English-Confederate ships 344 

47. Give an account of military events in Virginia, Tennessee, and 

North Carolina 345 

48. What have you to say about Sherman in the Carolinas ? 346 

49. What have you to say about General Lee 346 

50. Give an account of the closing events of the Civil War 347 

51. Colored l?I;ip. — Name all the States and Territories over 

which the Civil War extended. 347 

52. What have you to say about Andrew Johnson and Jefferson 

Davis? 348 



TOPICAL REVIEW. 399 



PAGE 

53. What have you to say about the reorganization of the Govern- 
ment ? 349 

54.. What have you to say about Amendments of the Constitution ? 351 

05. What have you to say about the President and Congress ? 351 

5(3. Tell about the impeachment of the President 351 

57. What new territory was acquired by purchase ? 352 

58. What have you to say about President Grant ? 353 

59. What have you to say about a treaty and arbitration ? 354 

00. What have you to say about the Indians ? 355 

THE CONSTITUTION. 

1. Of what powers of the Government does Article I treat f 360 

2. State the contents of the several sections 360-366 

3. Of what powers does Article II treat ? 367 

4. State the contents of the several sections 367-369 

5. Of what powers does Article III treat ? 369 

6. State the contents of the several sections 369-370 

7. Of what does Article IV treat ? 370 

8. State the contents of the several sections 370-371 

9. Of what does Article V treat ? 371 

10. Of what does Article VI treat ? 371 

1 1. Of what does Article VII treat ? 372 

12. How many Amendments have been made to the Constitution ? . 372 

13. Of what do the several Amendments consist ? 372-376 



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